“美国优先”的前生今世

 　　You’re not wanted here!” “Go home!”

　　“这里不欢迎你！”“回家去！”

　　No, not the reproaches of immigration officers as they set about deporting¹ incoming Iranian PhDs or Iraqi grandmas as per the instructions of Donald Trump²’s travel ban, but a beer commercial with attitude. Super Bowl Sunday, at once the holy grail of sports and mass advertising³, is upon us. With a television audience of over 100m Americans as its target, and with a reckless disregard for the voting preference of countless⁴ Budweiser drinkers, the mega-brewer Anheuser-Busch has produced a slick one minute immigrant odyssey⁵: the story of its founder⁶ Adolphus Busch coming to St Louis in the 1850s.

　　不，这不是移民官员们在执行唐纳德?特朗普(Donald Trump)的旅行禁令，遣返抵达美国机场的伊朗博士或伊拉克祖母时发出的责骂，而是一部带有态度的啤酒广告片。最近一个周日举行的美国职业橄榄球总决赛超级碗(Super Bowl)是集重要赛事和精彩广告于一体的视听盛宴。面向逾1亿美国电视观众，并且大胆地忽视无数喝百威啤酒的人的投票偏好，啤酒巨头安海斯-布希公司(Anheuser-Busch)制作了一部描述艰难移民经历的精彩广告片：时长一分钟，讲述其创始人阿道弗斯?布希(Adolphus Busch)在19世纪50年代来到圣路易斯的故事。

　　“美国优先”的前生今世.jpg

　　Lest it be accused of liberal sentimentality, the ad comes with a title worthy⁷ of a Bruce Willis action movie: “Born the Hard Way.” Production values are high, and even the plot of the micro-movie grips. Our hero suffers a grim voyage and routine abuse before meeting his destiny, a handshake with one Herr Anheuser. The commercial has to have been made long before the immigration ban and its spectacular blowback in street and airport demonstrations⁸. But the ad is now seen by both sides to the debate as a deliberate effort to define America as, above all, a nation of immigrants — the title of President Kennedy’s book.

　　生怕被指带有自由主义情调，这则广告有一个可以配得上布鲁斯?威利斯(Bruce Willis)动作片的名称：“天生艰难”(Born the Hard Way)。这部微电影的制作价值很高，而且情节也扣人心弦。片中的英雄历经艰难险阻才找到命中有缘的合伙人：一位安海斯先生。这部广告片肯定是早在移民禁令——及其引发的大规模街头和机场抗议——之前就完成制作的。但它现在被移民辩论双方都视为一种刻意努力，目的是把美国界定为首先是一个“移民国家”——这也是肯尼迪(Kennedy)总统著作的名称。

　　The ad touches a nerve. During the 1850s, German immigrants, along with the Irish, ran into a storm of violent nativist hostility⁹ whipped up by demagogues of the American party, who gloried in the nickname of Know Nothings. Sound familiar? In Louisville, Kentucky, 20 were killed in a blaze of riot and destruction, some of the victims burnt alive in their houses. There were similar anti-immigrant pogroms in Philadelphia, Baltimore and Cincinnati, all fuelled by Protestant paranoia¹⁰ about a Catholic plot to destroy American culture (most of the Germans were from Catholic parts of the country). The inventor of the telegraph Samuel Morse published a collection of Catholic-baiting harangues¹¹ as Foreign Conspiracy¹² Against the Liberties of the United States. For Shariaphobia read Pope-hatred; the rage of the nativists was identical.

　　这部广告片触动了人们的神经。在19世纪50年代，德国移民以及爱尔兰移民遭遇了暴力的本土主义者的敌意风暴，这场风暴是由美国人党(American party)的煽动者们掀起的，该党以“一无所知”(Know Nothing)的绰号为荣。听起来有些耳熟？在肯塔基州的路易斯维尔，20人在一场突然爆发的骚乱和破坏中死亡，其中一些受害者在自己家中被活活烧死。费城、巴尔的摩和辛辛那提也发生了类似的反移民集体迫害事件，它们全都受到新教徒无端恐惧（认为天主教徒密谋破坏美国文化，因为多数德国移民来自德国的天主教地区）的推波助澜。发明电报的塞缪尔?莫尔斯(Samuel Morse)发表了一套对天主教“亮剑”的文集，即《反美国之自由的境外阴谋》(Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States)。不妨把当今的伊斯兰教法恐惧症替换成对教皇的憎恶，那时和当今的本土主义者愤怒是一样的。

　　On the matter of immigration — at once fundamental and divisive — the US has always suffered from a split personality. Some of its earliest eulogists like Hector St John de Crèvecoeur in the 1780s maintained that what made America exceptional was its allegiance to an idea — democratic liberty and equality — rather than to the ethnicity, religion and languages that generated tribal¹³ loyalty¹⁴ in the Old World. In heterogeneity¹⁵ lay its strength and moral authority. But nativist paranoia was never far away. A “Great Greaser Extermination¹⁶ Meeting” was called by California gold field miners against Mexicans and other Latin Americans presuming to get their share of the pans. In Los Angeles in 1871 at least 17 Chinese were tortured and hanged in a mass lynching whipped up by xenophobic agitators¹⁷. Eleven years later a Chinese Exclusion¹⁸ Act precluded¹⁹ Chinese immigrants from ever qualifying for American citizenship²⁰, a race-driven ban that would last, shockingly, until 1943.

　　在既根本又导致立场分化的移民问题上，美国一向表现出分裂人格。18世纪80年代的赫克托?圣约翰?克雷夫科尔(Hector St John Crèvecoeur)等一些最早的歌颂者认为，让美国卓越的是对民主自由和平等观点的忠诚，而不是在旧世界生成部落忠诚感的种族、宗教和语言。美国的力量和道德权威源于其异质性。但是本土主义者的偏执从来没有远离。当年加州掘金者曾经召集针对墨西哥人和其他拉美人的“外国佬大灭绝会议”，想必是因为后者要分得自己的一杯羹。在1871年的洛杉矶，至少17名华人在一场由仇外的鼓动者发起的大规模私刑中受到严刑拷打，最后被吊死。11年后颁布的《排华法案》(Chinese Exclusion Act)使中国移民终身无法获得美国公民身份，令人震惊的是，这个种族禁令竟然一直持续至1943年。

　　These two historical impulses of welcome and rejection²¹ beat on into modern times. The rise of the cosmopolitan²² metropolis²³, swollen²⁴ by immigrants, produced the Populist party of the 1890s, led by Thomas E Watson, champion of the agrarian²⁵ poor. After a brief and doomed²⁶ attempt to unite black and white against the cities, Watson turned viciously racist²⁷ and anti-Semitic. The prejudice was anointed from on high as well as shouted from below. In 1911 when 11 Italians were lynched in New Orleans, the response of the brahmin politician Henry Cabot Lodge²⁸ was to demand restrictions²⁹ on their immigration. In 1896 the president of MIT, Francis A Walker, took it on himself “to arouse public opinion to the necessity of a further exclusion of elements?.?.?.?injurious to our national character”. Dystopian nightmares were conjured³⁰ up of “police driving from the garbage dumps?.?.?.?miserable³¹ beings who try to burrow³² in those unutterable depths of filth³³ and slime”.

　　欢迎和拒绝——这两种历史冲动延续到了现代。因移民而膨胀起来的世界主义大都市在19世纪80年代兴起，催生了农业区穷人捍卫者托马斯?E?沃森(Thomas E Watson)领导的民粹主义政党。在短暂而徒劳地团结白人和黑人反对城市之后，沃森摇身转变为种族主义者和反犹太主义者。偏见既源于高层的忽悠，也来自下层的呼声。1911年，在11名意大利人在新奥尔良被私刑处死后，信奉婆罗门教的政客亨利?卡波特?洛奇(Henry Cabot Lodge)的回应是要求限制他们移民。1896年，麻省理工学院(MIT)院长弗兰西斯?A?沃克(Francis A Walker)给自己一个任务，要“唤醒公众舆论，使其认识到有必要进一步排除……对我国的国家特色有害的因素”。反乌托邦的梦魇被想象出来，比如：“警察驱车碾过垃圾堆……试图在那些深不可测的污泥里苟延残喘的可怜虫”。

　　But the counter-sentiment of America’s open doors responded. Intended by its French creators to be a symbol of transatlantic republican solidarity³⁴, the Statue of Liberty originally had nothing to do with hospitality. Emma Lazarus’s great poem “The New Colossus”, though written in 1883, was only engraved³⁵ on its plaque³⁶ 20 years later, long after her death, and in recognition that the tide of opinion was going the other way.

　　但是，与之对立的美国开放情怀作出了回应。自由女神像(Statue of Liberty)最初由法国人制作，旨在作为大西洋两岸共和人士团结的象征，与好客没有什么关系。爱玛?拉扎露丝(Emma Lazarus)尽管在1883年就已写下了《新的巨像》(The New Colossus)这首伟大的诗歌，但在20年后它才被刻在自由女神的底座上（当时拉扎露丝已经去世很久），此举相当于承认舆论在转向。

　　The “America first” slogan adopted by President Trump was coined by Woodrow Wilson to protect his position of neutrality in the first world war — shortly before abandoning it. It was later hijacked³⁷ by William Randolph Hearst to mean exclusion, race purity and isolation³⁸. He gushed³⁹ over Hitler and handed the slogan on to Charles Lindbergh’s campaign. The clamp on immigration, already tight in the 1920s, was fastened tighter still as millions of Jews were abandoned to persecution⁴⁰ and then extermination.

　　特朗普总统喊出的“美国优先”口号是由伍德罗?威尔逊(Woodrow Wilson)创造的，用来捍卫他在一战期间所持的中立立场——此后不久他就抛弃了这一立场。后来威廉?兰道夫?赫斯特(William Randolph Hearst)劫持了这个口号，来表示排外、种族纯洁和孤立立场。他对希特勒(Hitler)赞不绝口，并将这个口号交给查尔斯?林德伯格(Charles Lindbergh)的中立宣传活动。已经在20世纪20年代收紧的移民政策被进一步收紧，而与此同时数百万犹太人遭到抛弃，任由他们遭到迫害和后来的大屠杀。

　　So the moral stench of anti-immigrant xenophobia is nothing new in American history. What is new is that it now lodges⁴¹ in the White House. This is a radical⁴² departure from presidential norms, Republican as well as Democratic. Kennedy’s Nation of Immigrants, the cause his brother Robert (who completed and published the book in 1964) claimed was dearest to JFK’s heart, was the push which brought Lyndon Johnson to abandon geographically-based quotas⁴³ in his immigration act of 1965. Ronald Reagan declared his aim to secure control of American borders but not before he had given an amnesty to 3m illegal immigrants. George W Bush tried time and again to persuade his party towards a humane⁴⁴ immigration policy and, six days after 9/11, made a point of going to the Islamic Center in Washington to denounce precisely⁴⁵ the conflation of Islam and terrorism that now animates⁴⁶ the incumbent⁴⁷.

　　因此，在美国历史上，反移民仇外心理的道德恶臭不是什么新鲜事。新鲜的是它现在入住了白宫。这是对总统规范（无论是共和党还是民主党）的根本背离。肯尼迪的《移民国家》(Nation of Immigrants)——在1964年完成并出版该书的他的兄弟罗伯特称，这是他最钟情的事业——推动林登?约翰森(Lyndon Johnson)在1965年的移民法案中抛弃了基于地理位置的配额制度。罗纳德?里根(Ronald Reagan)曾宣布控制美国边境的目标，但那是在他大赦300万非法移民之后。乔治?W?布什(George W Bush)再三试图说服自己的政党出台一项人道主义移民政策，并且在2001年9/11恐怖袭击事件爆发6天后，特意前往华盛顿的伊斯兰中心，谴责把伊斯兰与恐怖主义混为一谈——而现任总统振振有词地把这两者混为一谈。

　　The world is separating into two irreconcilable⁴⁸ halves: those who want to live only alongside those who look, pray and speak like them, and those millions in the great ethnically⁴⁹ jumbled⁵⁰ cities who want to share the neighbourhood.

　　世界正分裂为不可调和的两部分：那些只希望和与他们外貌、祈祷和说话方式一样的人为邻的人，还有那些在种族大杂烩的都市里希望共享社区的数以百万计的人。

　　This may be the year of the rampart builders. But the future will see them crumble⁵¹. It felt like that, anyway, when I flew into JFK last Saturday evening. Passing from walls lined with state troopers I emerged from the terminal into a swaying singing crowd of demonstrators. Among them was a young woman wearing a broad smile and a sign reading, simply, “Make America Greet Again”.

　　今年可能是建造城墙的一年，但它们将会在未来倒塌。不管怎样，当我在最近的一个周六晚飞抵肯尼迪机场的时候就是这么感觉的。穿过州警组成的人墙，我从航站楼出来看到一群挥舞着标语、喊着口号的抗议者。他们当中有一个带着灿烂笑容的年轻妇女，她的标语上写着“让美国再次欢迎”(Make America Greet Again)。

1 deporting   

v.将…驱逐出境( deport的现在分词 )；举止

参考例句：

2 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

3 advertising   

n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的

参考例句：

• Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
• The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。

4 countless   

adj.无数的，多得不计其数的

参考例句：

• In the war countless innocent people lost their lives.在这场战争中无数无辜的人丧失了性命。
• I've told you countless times.我已经告诉你无数遍了。

5 odyssey   

n.长途冒险旅行；一连串的冒险

参考例句：

• The march to Travnik was the final stretch of a 16-hour odyssey.去特拉夫尼克的这段路是长达16小时艰险旅行的最后一程。
• His odyssey of passion, friendship,love,and revenge was now finished.他的热情、友谊、爱情和复仇的漫长历程，到此结束了。

6 Founder   

n.创始者，缔造者

参考例句：

• He was extolled as the founder of their Florentine school.他被称颂为佛罗伦萨画派的鼻祖。
• According to the old tradition,Romulus was the founder of Rome.按照古老的传说，罗穆卢斯是古罗马的建国者。

7 worthy   

adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的

参考例句：

• I did not esteem him to be worthy of trust.我认为他不值得信赖。
• There occurred nothing that was worthy to be mentioned.没有值得一提的事发生。

8 demonstrations   

证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威

参考例句：

• Lectures will be interspersed with practical demonstrations. 讲课中将不时插入实际示范。
• The new military government has banned strikes and demonstrations. 新的军人政府禁止罢工和示威活动。

9 hostility   

n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争

参考例句：

• There is open hostility between the two leaders.两位领导人表现出公开的敌意。
• His hostility to your plan is well known.他对你的计划所持的敌意是众所周知的。

10 paranoia   

n.妄想狂，偏执狂；多疑症

参考例句：

• Her passion for cleanliness borders on paranoia.她的洁癖近乎偏执。
• The push for reform is also motivated by political paranoia.竞选的改革运动也受到政治偏执狂症的推动。

11 harangues   

n.高谈阔论的长篇演讲( harangue的名词复数 )v.高谈阔论( harangue的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• "This so aggravated Hitler's pent-up feelings that he burst forth into one of his old harangues. 这下可激发了希特勒憋在心里的情绪，他居然故伎重演，破口大骂起来。 来自名作英译部分
• There is, however, a new self-confidence these days in China's familiar harangues anything it deems sovereign. 然而近来中国在针对认为涉及到其主权问题的说辞上表现出一种新的自信。 来自互联网

12 conspiracy   

n.阴谋，密谋，共谋

参考例句：

• The men were found guilty of conspiracy to murder.这些人被裁决犯有阴谋杀人罪。
• He claimed that it was all a conspiracy against him.他声称这一切都是一场针对他的阴谋。

13 tribal   

adj.部族的，种族的

参考例句：

• He became skilled in several tribal lingoes.他精通几种部族的语言。
• The country was torn apart by fierce tribal hostilities.那个国家被部落间的激烈冲突弄得四分五裂。

14 loyalty   

n.忠诚，忠心

参考例句：

• She told him the truth from a sense of loyalty.她告诉他真相是出于忠诚。
• His loyalty to his friends was never in doubt.他对朋友的一片忠心从来没受到怀疑。

15 heterogeneity   

n.异质性；多相性

参考例句：

• The heterogeneity and uneven development of China's economy are rather advantageous in the war of resistance.中国经济的不统一、不平衡，对于抗日战争反为有利。
• In heterogeneity is creation of the world.世界产生自异质性。

16 extermination   

n.消灭，根绝

参考例句：

• All door and window is sealed for the extermination of mosquito. 为了消灭蚊子，所有的门窗都被封闭起来了。 来自辞典例句
• In doing so they were saved from extermination. 这样一来却使它们免于绝灭。 来自辞典例句

17 agitators   

n.（尤指政治变革的）鼓动者( agitator的名词复数 )；煽动者；搅拌器；搅拌机

参考例句：

• The mud is too viscous, you must have all the agitators run. 泥浆太稠，你们得让所有的搅拌机都开着。 来自辞典例句
• Agitators urged the peasants to revolt/revolution. 煽动者怂恿农民叛变（革命）。 来自辞典例句

18 exclusion   

n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行

参考例句：

• Don't revise a few topics to the exclusion of all others.不要修改少数论题以致排除所有其他的。
• He plays golf to the exclusion of all other sports.他专打高尔夫球，其他运动一概不参加。

19 precluded   

v.阻止( preclude的过去式和过去分词 )；排除；妨碍；使…行不通

参考例句：

• Abdication is precluded by the lack of a possible successor. 因为没有可能的继承人，让位无法实现。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The bad weather precluded me from attending the meeting. 恶劣的天气使我不能出席会议。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

20 citizenship   

n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份)

参考例句：

• He was born in Sweden,but he doesn't have Swedish citizenship.他在瑞典出生，但没有瑞典公民身分。
• Ten years later,she chose to take Australian citizenship.十年后，她选择了澳大利亚国籍。

21 rejection   

n.拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃

参考例句：

• He decided not to approach her for fear of rejection.他因怕遭拒绝决定不再去找她。
• The rejection plunged her into the dark depths of despair.遭到拒绝使她陷入了绝望的深渊。

22 cosmopolitan   

adj.世界性的，全世界的，四海为家的，全球的

参考例句：

• New York is a highly cosmopolitan city.纽约是一个高度世界性的城市。
• She has a very cosmopolitan outlook on life.她有四海一家的人生观。

23 metropolis   

n.首府；大城市

参考例句：

• Shanghai is a metropolis in China.上海是中国的大都市。
• He was dazzled by the gaiety and splendour of the metropolis.大都市的花花世界使他感到眼花缭乱。

24 swollen   

adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀

参考例句：

• Her legs had got swollen from standing up all day.因为整天站着，她的双腿已经肿了。
• A mosquito had bitten her and her arm had swollen up.蚊子叮了她，她的手臂肿起来了。

25 agrarian   

adj.土地的，农村的，农业的

参考例句：

• People are leaving an agrarian way of life to go to the city.人们正在放弃农业生活方式而转向城市。
• This was a feature of agrarian development in Britain.这是大不列颠土地所有制发展的一个特征。

26 doomed   

命定的

参考例句：

• The court doomed the accused to a long term of imprisonment. 法庭判处被告长期监禁。
• A country ruled by an iron hand is doomed to suffer. 被铁腕人物统治的国家定会遭受不幸的。

27 racist   

n.种族主义者，种族主义分子

参考例句：

• a series of racist attacks 一连串的种族袭击行为
• His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism. 他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。

28 lodge   

v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆

参考例句：

• Is there anywhere that I can lodge in the village tonight?村里有我今晚过夜的地方吗？
• I shall lodge at the inn for two nights.我要在这家小店住两个晚上。

29 restrictions   

约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则）

参考例句：

• I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
• a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制

30 conjured   

用魔术变出( conjure的过去式和过去分词 )； 祈求，恳求； 变戏法； （变魔术般地） 使…出现

参考例句：

• He conjured them with his dying breath to look after his children. 他临终时恳求他们照顾他的孩子。
• His very funny joke soon conjured my anger away. 他讲了个十分有趣的笑话，使得我的怒气顿消。

31 miserable   

adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的

参考例句：

• It was miserable of you to make fun of him.你取笑他，这是可耻的。
• Her past life was miserable.她过去的生活很苦。

32 burrow   

vt.挖掘(洞穴)；钻进；vi.挖洞；翻寻；n.地洞

参考例句：

• Earthworms burrow deep into the subsoil.蚯蚓深深地钻进底土。
• The dog had chased a rabbit into its burrow.狗把兔子追进了洞穴。

33 filth   

n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥

参考例句：

• I don't know how you can read such filth.我不明白你怎么会去读这种淫秽下流的东西。
• The dialogue was all filth and innuendo.这段对话全是下流的言辞和影射。

34 solidarity   

n.团结；休戚相关

参考例句：

• They must preserve their solidarity.他们必须维护他们的团结。
• The solidarity among China's various nationalities is as firm as a rock.中国各族人民之间的团结坚如磐石。

35 engraved   

v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中）

参考例句：

• The silver cup was engraved with his name. 银杯上刻有他的名字。
• It was prettily engraved with flowers on the back. 此件雕刻精美，背面有花饰图案。 来自《简明英汉词典》

36 plaque   

n.饰板，匾，(医)血小板

参考例句：

• There is a commemorative plaque to the artist in the village hall.村公所里有一块纪念该艺术家的牌匾。
• Some Latin words were engraved on the plaque. 牌匾上刻着些拉丁文。

37 hijacked   

劫持( hijack的过去式和过去分词 )； 绑架； 拦路抢劫； 操纵（会议等，以推销自己的意图）

参考例句：

• The plane was hijacked by two armed men on a flight from London to Rome. 飞机在从伦敦飞往罗马途中遭到两名持械男子劫持。
• The plane was hijacked soon after it took off. 那架飞机起飞后不久被劫持了。

38 isolation   

n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离

参考例句：

• The millionaire lived in complete isolation from the outside world.这位富翁过着与世隔绝的生活。
• He retired and lived in relative isolation.他退休后，生活比较孤寂。

39 gushed   

v.喷，涌( gush的过去式和过去分词 )；滔滔不绝地说话

参考例句：

• Oil gushed from the well. 石油从井口喷了出来。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Clear water gushed into the irrigational channel. 清澈的水涌进了灌溉渠道。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

40 persecution   

n. 迫害,烦扰

参考例句：

• He had fled from France at the time of the persecution. 他在大迫害时期逃离了法国。
• Their persecution only serves to arouse the opposition of the people. 他们的迫害只激起人民对他们的反抗。

41 lodges   

v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属

参考例句：

• But I forget, if I ever heard, where he lodges in Liverpool. 可是我记不得有没有听他说过他在利物浦的住址。 来自辞典例句
• My friend lodges in my uncle's house. 我朋友寄居在我叔叔家。 来自辞典例句

42 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

43 quotas   

（正式限定的）定量( quota的名词复数 )； 定额； 指标； 摊派

参考例句：

• In fulfilling the production quotas, John made rings round all his fellow workers. 约翰完成生产定额大大超过他的同事们。
• Quotas of the means of production are allocated by the higher administrative bodies to the lower ones. 物资指标按隶属关系分配。

44 humane   

adj.人道的，富有同情心的

参考例句：

• Is it humane to kill animals for food?宰杀牲畜来吃合乎人道吗？
• Their aim is for a more just and humane society.他们的目标是建立一个更加公正、博爱的社会。

45 precisely   

adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地

参考例句：

• It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
• The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。

46 animates   

v.使有生气( animate的第三人称单数 )；驱动；使栩栩如生地动作；赋予…以生命

参考例句：

• The soul animates the body. 灵魂使肉体有生命。 来自辞典例句
• It is probable that life animates all the planets revolving round all the stars. 生命为一切围绕恒星旋转的行星注入活力。 来自辞典例句

47 incumbent   

adj.成为责任的，有义务的；现任的，在职的

参考例句：

• He defeated the incumbent governor by a large plurality.他以压倒多数票击败了现任州长。
• It is incumbent upon you to warn them.你有责任警告他们。

48 irreconcilable   

adj.（指人）难和解的，势不两立的

参考例句：

• These practices are irreconcilable with the law of the Church.这种做法与教规是相悖的。
• These old concepts are irreconcilable with modern life.这些陈旧的观念与现代生活格格不入。

49 ethnically   

adv.人种上，民族上

参考例句：

• Ethnically, the Yuan Empire comprised most of modern China's ethnic groups. 元朝的民族成分包括现今中国绝大多数民族。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
• Russia is ethnically relatively homogeneous. 俄罗斯是个民族成分相对单一的国家。 来自辞典例句

50 jumbled   

adj.混乱的；杂乱的

参考例句：

• Books, shoes and clothes were jumbled together on the floor. 书、鞋子和衣服胡乱堆放在地板上。
• The details of the accident were all jumbled together in his mind. 他把事故细节记得颠三倒四。

51 crumble   

vi.碎裂，崩溃；vt.弄碎，摧毁

参考例句：

• Opposition more or less crumbled away.反对势力差不多都瓦解了。
• Even if the seas go dry and rocks crumble,my will will remain firm.纵然海枯石烂，意志永不动摇。