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主从复合句--宾语从句

时间:2011-09-17 06:30来源:互联网 提供网友:nan   字体: [ ]
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从句:在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语

①基本形式:(主句+)连词+从句主语+从句谓语+... 

关于宾语从句连词的选择:

若从句来源于一个陈述句,那么,连词用that,在口语中that可以省略;

    若从句来源于一个一般疑问句,连词则用if whether;

    若从句来源于一个特殊疑问句,则连词就是疑问词(what,who,where,when)

例如:They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他们相信计算机终将代替人类。) (从句本来就是陈述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是该为他在校长跟前说点什么。) (从句来源于一般问句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他问我在哪儿能搞到那样的药。) (从句来源于特殊问句Where can he get such medicine? )

宾语从句的时态问题:如果主句是现在时,从句则用现在某一时态,甚至可以用过去时;

如主句是过去时,从句则相应地使用过去某一时态,遇到客观真理时仍然用现在时。如:I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本学期我的英语会学得好点。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老师问那个男孩地球是不是圆的。)

下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待:

   be sorry / afraid / sure / glad +that从句,如:I’m sorry I’m late. (对不起,我迟到了。) /  I’m afraid he  isn’t  in  at  the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)

 

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一、宾语从句的连接词:
  1、连词that,只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中常被省略。
  eg. He knew (that) he should work hard.
  2、连词if 、whether,它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,在口语中多用if。
  eg. Tom don’t know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.
  He asked me whether or not I was coming.
  一般情况下,if 和whether可以互换,但以下3种情况只能用whether:
  ①在不定式前:Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
  ②在介词前:It depends on(依靠) whether it is going to rain.
  ③与or not连用:They are talking about whether to go there or not.
  3、连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,连接副词when, where, why, how,它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有自己的意义
。  eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.
  I wonder where he got so much money.
   【注意】1、由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。 
  eg. I don’t know how I should do with the presents. è I don’t know how to do with the presents.
  2、要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.
  二、宾语从句的语序:
  宾语从句的语序是陈述语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调:它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序,而不是疑问句的倒装结
构。
  Can you tell me who(m) do we have to see?(╳)
  Can you tell me who(m) we have to see?( √)
  The teacher asked the students what they were doing.(思考: what在从句中的成分)
  陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。 eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.”à She said
she would leave a message on the desk.
  一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him.
à I asked him where the tickets are.
三、宾语从句的时态呼应:
  宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受到主句谓语时态的制约,此为时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时,从句谓语的时态不受
限制;如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时,从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。
  eg. I thought (that) you are free today. (╳)
  I thought (that) you would be free today. ( √)
     【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时,不管主句谓语的时态如何,从句都用一般现在时。
  eg. The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.
  四、其他需要说明的问题:
  1、标点由主句决定,如主句是陈述句、祈使句,则用句号;是疑问句则用问号。
  eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?
  2、要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。
  ▲五、宾语从句和状语从句的区分:
  eg. 1) I will go out tomorrow if it is fine tomorrow.
  2) I don’t know if the train has arrived.
  句1中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”,修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好,我就出去。句2中if引导的是宾语从
句,充当谓语动词don’t know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否已到达。
判断方法:
  1、可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面(个别除外),宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。
   2、从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时,相当于whether,词义为“是否”,充当状语从句的连接词时,词义为“如果”。when充当
宾语从句的连接词时,意为“什么时候”,充当状语从句的连接词时,意为“当……的时候”
  3.从时态看。if和when作连接词时,引导宾语从句要注意:从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连
词时,引导条件和时间状语从句,若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时,则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。
  e.g. I think (that) differences are not important in a friendship.
  An old lady said (that) she found a job as a foreign language teacher.
  They don’t know if (是否)we are going hiking next weekend
  Could you tell me when (什么时候)the train arrives ?
  We’ll go to the Great Wall if (如果) it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
  =If doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great Wall.
  They knew each other when(当……时候)they were children.
=When they were children

 

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