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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
在平时的高考听力训练中,我们可能会发现所听到的一些词在短语或句子中的读音与单词在课本或词典中的注音不一样,这就是我们要说的变音。变音也叫语流音变(sound changing in connected speech)。人们在说话时,语音不是一个一个地发出,而是连续发出的。在连续的语流中,一个音由于受邻近的音的影响,或由于自己在语流中所处的位置不同,或说话的快慢、高低、轻重不同,就会发生语流音变。今年听力语速有可能加快,语速一快,必然导致连读和含混音的增多。为了使同学们能适应这些变化,现将常见的变音情形介绍如下:
一、连读
在意义和语法上相关联的两词之间,前一词的末尾音与后一词的开头音因快读而引起的词与词之间的平滑过渡叫连读。连读时,前一个音不必充分发出来,一旦发出应立刻滑向后面的元音,使前后两个音自然结合。可以连读的地方一般用符号"︶"来表示。常见的可以连读的情形有:
1、前一个词以辅音结尾,后一个词以元音开头。例如:in an hour, first of all,
︶ ︶ ︶ ︶
to get the hang of['hANg [v] something
︶
2、前一个词以r 或re结尾,后一个词以元音开头。例如: There is [ 'T"[r iz] a
︶
pair of['p"[r [v] glasses here.
︶
但是,如果r或re结尾的单词当中末尾那个音节中的元音之前已有辅音[r],那么,词尾的r或re就不再发[r]音,也就是说,这个词不能和后面的词连读,象in the rear1 of中的rear就仍应读原来的音。
3、两个元音相连时,有时也可连读。元音连读时根据前一个单词词尾所发的音,又可分为以下三种情况:
①前面的单词以[u]、[u:]、[[u]、[au]等元音结尾时,可以加入一个半元音[w]进行连读。例如:Do it['du:w it] again./How old['hauw '[uld] are you?/how and['hauw [nd] why/Let's go over['g[uw '[uv[] the exercises.
②前面的单词以[i]、[i:]、[ei]、[ai]、[Ci]等元音结尾时,可以加入一个半元音[j]进行连读。例如:I am['aij [m] a teacher./May I ask['meij aij 'a:sk] you a question?/I think that's very easy['verij 'i:zi]./Three hours[' Wri:j 'au[z] is enough.
③前面的单词以[a:]、[C:]、[[]、[i[]、["[]、[u[]等元音结尾时,且该词中没有字母r的话,可以加入一个[r]音进行连读。例如:I saw it[ai 'sC:r it]./Asia and['ei?[r [nd] Africa/the idea of[ai'di[r [v]/law and['lC:r [nd] order
如果短语间有停顿,或者因为强调而需将单词分别突出朗读,或者连读会导致歧义时,两个相邻的词就不连读。如Do you speak English or Japanese这一句中划线部分就不宜连读,因为 English和Japanese这两个词需要突出朗读。
有一点值得注意一下,当两个相邻的字母或字母组合发音相同,在连读时常常会产生两个音素合并成一个音素的现象,乍一听,似乎有些音素被"吃掉"了。例如:She sits next to['nekstu] me./He used to['ju:stu] like skating but now he likes skiing['laikskiN].
二、同化
当前一个词以辅音[t]、[d]、[z]等结尾,后一个词以半元音[j]开头,在连读时往往产生音的同化现象。例如:You are from England, aren't you['a:nt?ju:]?/ Did you ['didVju:]get up early this morning?/Is your[ iVR:]sister a nurse?
三、异化
有一些常见的表达方式在口语中还有其他一些表达方式,而后者在发音上与前者是有差别的,如want to→wanna['wCn[], going to→gonna['gCn[], have to/got to→gotta['gCt[], am not/is not/are not/→ain't[eint], because→cos[kCs]。
四、弱化
弱化就是一个音的音强的减弱、音长的缩短、音高的降低和音质的变模糊的综合性的变弱过程,而以音强的减弱和音质的变模糊最为明显。弱化通常发生在非重读、非对比、非强调的情况下,发生在介词、连词、代词、助动词和情态动词之中,而且多表现为非重读音节中元音的弱化,一般弱化为[[]、[i]、[u],例如:Can[k[n] you do it?/all your[j[] life。而has, had的弱读形式有两种,一是将字母a弱读成[[],二是只保留最后一个字母的发音,如Who had[hu: d] never been there?至于him和her的弱化形式则是省略词首的音,即分别读[im], [m] 和[[:],[[],如ask him['a:sk im](s可以浊化)/ask her['a:sk [(:)](s可以浊化)。
五、脱落
脱落指的是语流中的失音现象。有三种情况:
1、元音脱落,如carefully['k"[fuli]→ ['k"[fli]。
2、辅音脱落,如give me['gi:v mi]→ ['gi: mi],handbag['hAndbAg]→['hAmbAg](辅音[d]脱落后,[n]又变成了[m])。
3、音节脱落,如libary['laibr[ri]→ ['laibri]。
六、失爆
英语中共有三对六个爆破音,它们是[p]、[b]、[t]、[d]、[k]、[g]。发这些音时,要先调整好发音部位,然后让气流冲破阻碍,形成爆破。但在下列情况下须失去爆破或不完全爆破,即调整好发音部位,留出发音时间,但不发出声来。
1、后跟其他爆破音时,例如:next to, sit down, soap powder, take care, what time等。
2、后跟鼻辅音[m]、[n]、[N]时,例如:at night, don't know, good morning, help me, like milk等。
3、后跟摩擦音[s]、[z]、[W ]、[T ]、[f]、[v]时,例如:about this, ask them, big city, bright sky, can't see, just think, old students, red face, right side, short stories, stop thinking等。
4、后跟破擦音[tr]、[dr]、[t?]、[dV]、[ts]、[dz]时,例如:big trees, fast train, great change, good job, soft drink等。
5、后跟舌侧音[l] 时,例如:at last, look like, red light, third lesson等。
在复合词里,字母t、d的变音较大,若被辅音包围其读音常省略,如 postman['p[usm[n];若分别跟上辅音[m]、[k]时常被[p]、[g]所代替,如boatman['b[upm[n]、headquarters[heg'kwR:t[z]。
另外,由于英语还有英国英语、美国英语等之分,而两者在少数单词的读音上是有差别的。如果只根据课本上的英式注音,有时就可能会做出错误的判断。如听到[ai 'dVQs 'kAn 'si: TAt]这组音时,有人可能认为意思为I just can see that,有人则认为意思是为I just can't see that.正确答案是后者。要知道原因需明白三点:第一、在美国英语中can't读作[kAnt];第二、can在非强调情况下或者不是用在简略回答之中时是弱读的,而can't在通常情况下则是重读的,也就是说,如果can不是重读的,那么意思就是I just can see that.
下面有一组关于变音的练习,可以让学生做一做。
有一种可以采用语音输入的计算机能够准确记录下它所听到的语言,但有时可能的答案不止一个,这时计算机就可能会出错。请在左边计算机所记录的句子中找出它所犯的错误,并将改后的句子与右边相关的回应用线连接起来。如有困难,可以先参看一下右边的句子。
Alaska if she wants to come with us. 1 a Who changed into uniforms?
I can pose2 music for TV programmes. 2 b Yes; I saw him going into the kitchen.
The office has changed into uniforms. 3 c You'll ask who?
Did you see the way to go? He was at 4 d Really? It used to be on the back page.
the next table a minute ago.
In this newspaper, the TV guide is on 5 e I didn't know you were a composer3.
the sent a page.
Let me picture book on the floor. 6 f Only if you promise never to do it again.
Will you ever for give me? 7 g They look like insects to me!
This map shows all the citizen railways 8 h Oh, thanks! I didn't realize I'd dropped it.
in the country.
Spy4 does are not really insects, you know. 9 i Where are you gonna?
I want a go. 10 j It doesn't show the smaller places then?
(keys: 1---c, Alaska→I'll ask her 2---e, can pose→compose 3---a, office has→officers 4---b, way to→waiter 5---d, sent a→centre 6---h, picture→pick your 7---f, for give→forgive 8---j, citizen→cities and 9---g, Spy does→Spiders 10---i, want a→want to/wanna)
1 rear | |
vt.抚养,饲养;n.后部,后面 | |
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2 pose | |
vt.造成,陈述;vi.摆姿势,装腔作势;n.姿势 | |
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3 composer | |
n.作曲家,作家,设计者 | |
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4 spy | |
n.间谍,侦探,侦察;vt.侦察,找出,发现;vi.做密探,侦查 | |
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