高中英语人教版高一下讲解14

[03:47.71]MODERN AGRICULTURE
[03:53.59]For thousands of years traditional agriculture in China did not change very much.
[04:01.14]Most farms were one-family businesses.
[04:05.68]Although China is a very big country,
[04:09.84]only seven percent of the land cna be used for arming.
[04:15.29]It is on this arable¹ land that the farmers produce food
[04:21.17]for the whole population of China.
[04:24.70]Farmers in China have long used techniques such as fertilisation and irrigation²
[04:32.14]to make their land produce more.
[04:35.91]Over time,many farming³ techniques have been modernised:
[04:41.26]chemical fertilisers are now used and electric pumps are used in irrigation.
[04:48.03]To make as much use of the land as possible,
[04:53.17]two or more crops are planted each year where possible.
[04:58.81]Rice,cotton and vegetable seeds are sometimes grown in special seedbeds before
[05:06.26]they are planted in the fields.
[05:10.23]This saves time and allows farmers to grow an extra crop in each season.
[05:17.07]More advanced technical information was brought in from abroad in the 1980s.
[05:23.45]Import of technology and machines,
[05:27.50]and the international exchange of delegations⁴
[05:32.07]have helped Chinese farmers improve their production.
[05:36.93]It was from the early 1990s that scientists started to develop new techniques
[05:44.19]to increase agricultural⁵ production without harming the environment.
[05:50.35]Chemical fertilisation,for example,helps to produce better crops,
[05:56.60]but is harmful to the environment.
[06:00.07]New techniques should increase agricultural production
[06:05.35]but also be friendly to the environment.
[06:09.19]Future agriculture should depend on high technology as well as traditional methods.
[06:16.63]Not only is food production important but also taking care of the environment.
[06:23.11]The biggest problem of Chinese farmers is the shortage⁶ of arable land.
[06:29.28]Using the latest technologies,
[06:33.04]Chinese scientists grow vegetables in greenhouses⁷.
[06:37.87]The roots of these vegetables are not planted in earth
[06:42.83]but hang in water that contains all the nutrients⁸ they need to grow.
[06:48.48]Today,many vegetables are not grown in gardens
[06:54.12]but in greenhouses where they are protected from the wind,rain and insects.
[07:00.68]The temperature is controlled with computers,no matter how the weather is outside.
[07:07.76]Another technique tries to create plants that produce more and bigger fruit.
[07:14.10]In 1993,a kind of tomato was developed
[07:19.46]that was very different from any grown before.
[07:24.03]It was developed using a technique known⁹ as GM.
[07:29.18]"G"stands for"genetically¹⁰"from the word"genes".
[07:34.95]"M"stands for"modified¹¹",which means"changed".
[07:40.80]In other words,the way tomatoes grow from a natural seed is changed.
[07:47.25]The new tomatoes are bigger and healthier.
[07:51.82]They can grow without danger from diseases¹².
[07:56.26]They also need much less time to get ripe.
[08:01.02]The tomato is one of nearly 4,500 different plants that are genetically modified.
[08:08.88]In China,about one hundred research stations
[08:14.13]are now doign GM research to make better tomatoes,
[08:19.38]cotton,tobacco,green peppers,flowers,watermelons,soybeans,fish and of course rice.
[08:29.44]A variety of GM watermelons will be seedless and there is GM rice,
[08:36.10]sometimes called"golden rice",
[08:40.25]which will have more vitamins¹³ and can grow in poor soil.
[13:29.82]3 It is the shortage of arable land
[13:42.49]that results in the biggest problem of Chinese farmers.
[14:03.15]FARMING AND GARDENING¹⁴
[14:10.23]Agriculture has a long history in China.
[14:14.80]Much of the wisdom¹⁵ discovered by early Chinese scientists is still useful
[14:21.34]for farmers and gardeners today.
[14:25.28]One of China's early agricultural scientists was Jia Sixie,
[14:31.03]who lived in the sixth century AD.
[14:35.15]He was born in Yidu,Shandong Province.
[14:39.73]He spent his time on research into agriculture

[14:44.58]He collected information,studied it,
[14:49.03]did experiments and learnt from the experiences of farmers.
[14:55.50]Around 540 AD,he wrote a book called Qimin Yaoshu.
[15:01.75]The book is about both farming and gardening.
[15:06.32]It includes advice on the following subjects:
[15:11.18]growing green vegetables and fruit trees,keeping cows,sheep and fish in lakes.
[15:19.12]There are also instructions for making wine.
[15:23.38]For centuries after Jia Sixie died,
[15:29.33]his book was studided by Chinese farmers and students of farming.
[15:35.50]Jia Sixie's book is a practical¹⁶ guide to farming.
[15:40.77]Firstly,as a farmer you should do things at the right time of the year.
[15:47.30]If you sow¹⁷ seeds and grow young plants in the fields at the correct time of the year,
[15:54.44]your work will be less and the results will be better.
[15:59.61]But if you go against nature and do things at the wrong time of year,
[16:05.67]you will have to do more work and the results will not be so good.
[16:11.42]The condition of the soil is also very important.
[16:16.40]Examine the soil on your farm carefully.
[16:20.85]If the condition of your soil is not good,you should improve it.
[16:26.59]Before sowing¹⁸ or planting crops,
[16:30.72]rough ground must be cleaned and weeds removed.
[16:36.18]Let sheep or cows walk on the land.
[16:40.93]The animals will destroy the weeds or eat them.
[16:45.51]The land should also be ploughed,so weeds are destroyed.
[16:51.15]When you plough¹⁹ the soil,
[16:54.49]plough deep the first time and less deep the second time.
[16:59.74]So the autumn ploughing²⁰ should be deeper than the spring ploughing.
[17:05.02]The best harvest is reached when farmers change the crops in their fields.
[17:11.86]For example,do not plant rice year after year in the same field.
[17:18.24]But if you plant rice in a field one year and wheat in the field the next year,
[17:25.19]you will harvest good crops.
[17:28.84]Other scientists said that wheat should be planted with space between the plants,
[17:35.92]but Jia did experiments and showed that planting wheat close together is better.
[17:42.58]He also said that it is good to grow different pants
[17:48.15]next to each other in the same field

1 arable   

adj.可耕的，适合种植的

参考例句：

• The terrain changed quickly from arable land to desert.那个地带很快就从耕地变成了沙漠。
• Do you know how much arable land has been desolated?你知道什么每年有多少土地荒漠化吗？

2 irrigation   

n.灌溉，冲洗

参考例句：

• Irrigation is easy in the South because of the abundance of water.南方多水，利于灌溉。
• Irrigation is important for farming.灌溉对农业是非常重要的。

3 farming   

n.农事；耕作

参考例句：

• He lives by farming.他靠务农过活。
• He is farming in Africa.他在非洲经营农场。

4 delegations   

n.代表团( delegation的名词复数 )；委托，委派

参考例句：

• In the past 15 years, China has sent 280 women delegations abroad. 十五年来，中国共派280批妇女代表团出访。 来自汉英非文学 - 白皮书
• The Sun Ray decision follows the federal pattern of tolerating broad delegations but insisting on safeguards. “阳光”案的判决仿效联邦容许广泛授权的做法，但又坚持保护措施。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法

5 agricultural   

adj.农业的；农艺的

参考例句：

• He was trained for gardening at the Agricultural College.他在农业大学学园艺。
• France once was an agricultural country.法国曾是个农业国。

6 shortage   

n.缺少，缺乏，不足

参考例句：

• The city is suffering a desperate shortage of water.这个城市严重缺水。
• The heart of the problem is a shortage of funds.问题的关键是缺乏经费。

7 greenhouses   

温室，花房( greenhouse的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Cypress and redwood are seldom used in the superstructure of commercial greenhouses. 扁柏和美州红松很少用于商用温室的上部结构。
• They grew tomatoes in two greenhouses, each with a CD-player inside. 他们在两个温室里种西红柿，每个里面都有一个CD播放机。

8 nutrients   

n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 known   

adj.大家知道的；知名的，已知的

参考例句：

• He is a known artist.他是一个知名的艺术家。
• He is known both as a painter and as a statesman.他是知名的画家及政治家。

10 genetically   

adv.遗传上

参考例句：

• All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
• Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物

11 modified   

adj.改良的，改进的，修正的vt.修饰v.修改，更改( modify的过去式和过去分词 )；改变；修饰；缓和

参考例句：

• The software we use has been modified for us. 我们使用的软件已按我们的需要作过修改。
• The heating system has recently been modified to make it more efficient. 暖气设备最近已进行了改造，使其效率得到提高。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 diseases   

n.疾病( disease的名词复数 )；弊端；恶疾；痼疾

参考例句：

• Smoking is a causative factor in several major diseases. 抽烟是引起几种严重疾病的病因。
• The illness frequently coexists with other chronic diseases. 这种病往往与其他慢性病同时存在。

13 vitamins   

n.维生素（ vitamin的名词复数 ）

参考例句：

• essential proteins and vitamins 必不可少的蛋白质和维生素
• the vitamins that are vital for health 保持健康必不可少的维生素

14 gardening   

n.造园，造园术，园艺

参考例句：

• Dad is always in a good humour for gardening.爸爸干园艺活时，心情总是很好。
• She's outdoors gardening every afternoon.她每天下午都在户外搞园艺。

15 wisdom   

n.智慧，明智的行为，学识，名言，贤人

参考例句：

• Experience is the mother of wisdom.经验为智慧之母。
• Ancient Greece was a fountain of wisdom and philosophy.古希腊是智慧和哲学的发源地。

16 practical   

adj.实际的，实践的；实用的，应用的；有实际经验的

参考例句：

• He is a practical person.他是位很讲实际的人。
• Your invention is clever,but not practical.你的发明很巧，但不实用。

17 sow   

n.母猪；vt.播种，散布，使密布；vi.播种

参考例句：

• It is too soon to sow yet.现在还不到播种的时候。
• Let's sow our field with spring wheat.让我们在田里种春小麦吧。

18 sowing   

n.播种v.播（种），播种于( sow的现在分词 )；灌输；激起；散布

参考例句：

• The government's repressive policies are sowing the seeds of rebellion. 政府的镇压政策正在播下叛乱的种子。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The Autumnal Equinox is the best time for wheat-sowing. 秋分种麦最相宜。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

19 plough   

n.犁，耕地；vi.用犁耕田，开路；vt.耕，犁，开路

参考例句：

• Farmers plough in autumn or spring.农民在秋天或春天犁田。
• If we plough on until it's dark,we should get this field finished.如果我们一直犁到天黑，就可以把这块地犁完了。

20 ploughing   

v.耕作；犁耕；耕翻

参考例句：

• The more ploughing and weeding, the better the crop. 一分耕耘， 一分收获。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• They will finish ploughing the fields in less than three days. 用不了3天，他们就可以把地全部耕完。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》