2020年经济学人 黑帮VS政府(3)

The best reporting on MS-13 is by local journalists, including El Faro, which has churned out cinematic dispatches from gang-torn barrios for more than a decade. A recent string of murders on Long Island led to a spate¹ of stories in America, including a Pulitzer-winning series by ProPublica, a non-profit news outfit², which showed how Mr Trump’s immigration policies have inflamed³ gang tensions. But Mr Dudley’s book is uniquely comprehensive. Years of research have yielded a shrewd analysis of the structural⁴ forces that created the gang, which Mr Dudley calls “the bastard⁵ child that no one wants to acknowledge from an affair that most choose to ignore”.

有关“MS-13”帮派的最佳报道来自El Faro等当地新闻媒体的记者，十多年来，这些记者从帮派纷争的街区收集资源制作了大量的电影快讯。美国对最近在长岛发生的谋杀案进行了一连串的报道，包括一家非盈利新闻机构ProPublica通过系列报道荣获普利策奖，新闻中显示了特朗普的移民政策对激化帮派紧张关系的影响。但达德利所撰写的书内容全面，独一无二。经过多年的研究，作者对这个黑帮的结构力量进行了精辟的分析，达德利称这个帮派为“没有人愿意承认的私生子，而且大多数人选择了忽视”。

His sources include police reports from murder trials, testimony⁶ from asylum⁷ cases and scores of interviews with current and former MS-13 members. Many, he observes, were just children when they evolved from “victims of circumstance, caught in a system that marginalises, vilifies⁸ and destroys them” into victimisers who destroy the lives of others. Scarcely a year separates the day one wins $35 in a breakdancing contest and the day he gets into a knife fight with Barrio 18 members.

他的资料来源包括谋杀案审判的警方报告、避难案件的证词以及对现任和前任“MS-13"成员的大量采访。他观察到，许多人还只是孩子的时候，就从“被困在边缘化、丑化和摧毁自己的体系的环境中的受害者，”演变成了破坏他人生命的施暴者。其中一位帮派成员在霹雳舞比赛中赢得35美元，而那一天距离他与“Barrio18”的成员动刀子的时间不到一年。

Mr Dudley does not shy away from the violence—a brutal⁹ passage describes how gang members rape¹⁰ and murder women perceived to have slighted them—but nor does he sensationalise it. “MS-13 members were, to put it simply, not good criminals”, he writes. Their facial tattoos¹¹ and lack of discipline made them easy targets for ambushes¹² and wiretaps.

达德利并没有回避暴力行为，他描写了一段残酷的文章讲述了帮派成员如何强奸和谋杀他们认为轻视自己的妇女，但他也没有耸人听闻。他写道：“简言之，MS-13的成员并不是良善的罪犯。”。他们的面部纹身和缺乏纪律使他们很容易成为伏击和窃听的目标。

His book shares its subject’s transnational sprawl¹³, jumping between countries and characters, sometimes confusingly. “The Hollywood Kid”, published in English last year, solves this problem by telling the gang’s story through a single anti-hero: an MS-13 hitman. Quickly readers learn of his 50-plus kills. “The Kid has euphemisms¹⁴ for everything,” write brothers Oscar Martinez and Juan Jose Martinez (a reporter for El Faro and an anthropologist¹⁵, respectively). “If he kills someone and dumps him in a well, he’s sent him to get a drink. If he buries someone, dead or alive, in some field, he’s sent him to count stars.”

他的书分享了MS-13的跨国发展，讲述的故事从国家到人物来回跳跃，有时令人困惑。去年出版的英文版《好莱坞小子》解决了这个问题，通过一个单一的反派英雄,一个MS-13组织的杀手，来讲述这个帮派的故事：读者很快就知道了他犯下的50多起谋杀案。“《好莱坞小子》书中对所有事情的描写都比较委婉，”奥斯卡·马丁内斯和胡安·何塞·马丁内斯兄弟写道（分别是ElFaro的记者和人类学家）。“如果主人公杀了人抛尸井里，他就会去喝一杯。如果主人公在某个地方埋了人，不管埋的人是死是活，他都会去数星星。”

1 spate   

n.泛滥，洪水，突然的一阵

参考例句：

• Police are investigating a spate of burglaries in the area.警察正在调查这一地区发生的大量盗窃案。
• Refugees crossed the border in full spate.难民大量地越过了边境。

2 outfit   

n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装

参考例句：

• Jenney bought a new outfit for her daughter's wedding.珍妮为参加女儿的婚礼买了一套新装。
• His father bought a ski outfit for him on his birthday.他父亲在他生日那天给他买了一套滑雪用具。

3 inflamed   

adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• His comments have inflamed teachers all over the country. 他的评论激怒了全国教师。
• Her joints are severely inflamed. 她的关节严重发炎。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 structural   

adj.构造的，组织的，建筑（用）的

参考例句：

• The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
• The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。

5 bastard   

n.坏蛋，混蛋；私生子

参考例句：

• He was never concerned about being born a bastard.他从不介意自己是私生子。
• There was supposed to be no way to get at the bastard.据说没有办法买通那个混蛋。

6 testimony   

n.证词；见证，证明

参考例句：

• The testimony given by him is dubious.他所作的证据是可疑的。
• He was called in to bear testimony to what the police officer said.他被传入为警官所说的话作证。

7 asylum   

n.避难所，庇护所，避难

参考例句：

• The people ask for political asylum.人们请求政治避难。
• Having sought asylum in the West for many years,they were eventually granted it.他们最终获得了在西方寻求多年的避难权。

8 vilifies   

n.中伤，诽谤( vilify的名词复数 )v.中伤，诽谤( vilify的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Pilar vilifies him as a coward and finally manages to overrule him. 皮拉尔骂他是懦夫，并且最终没法压服了他。 来自互联网
• The Dalai Lama vilifies the present human rights situation in Tibet. 达赖诋毁今天西藏的人权状况。 来自互联网

9 brutal   

adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的

参考例句：

• She has to face the brutal reality.她不得不去面对冷酷的现实。
• They're brutal people behind their civilised veneer.他们表面上温文有礼，骨子里却是野蛮残忍。

10 rape   

n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸

参考例句：

• The rape of the countryside had a profound ravage on them.对乡村的掠夺给他们造成严重创伤。
• He was brought to court and charged with rape.他被带到法庭并被指控犯有强奸罪。

11 tattoos   

n.文身( tattoo的名词复数 )；归营鼓；军队夜间表演操；连续有节奏的敲击声v.刺青，文身( tattoo的第三人称单数 )；连续有节奏地敲击；作连续有节奏的敲击

参考例句：

• His arms were covered in tattoos. 他的胳膊上刺满了花纹。
• His arms were covered in tattoos. 他的双臂刺满了纹身。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 ambushes   

n.埋伏( ambush的名词复数 )；伏击；埋伏着的人；设埋伏点v.埋伏( ambush的第三人称单数 )；埋伏着

参考例句：

• He was a specialist in ambushes, he said, and explained his tactics. 他说自己是埋伏战斗方面的专家，并讲述了他的战术。 来自互联网
• It makes ambushes rather fun. 它使得埋伏战术非常有趣。 来自互联网

13 sprawl   

vi.躺卧，扩张，蔓延；vt.使蔓延；n.躺卧，蔓延

参考例句：

• In our garden,bushes are allowed to sprawl as they will.在我们园子里，灌木丛爱怎么蔓延就怎么蔓延。
• He is lying in a sprawl on the bed.他伸开四肢躺在床上。

14 euphemisms   

n.委婉语，委婉说法( euphemism的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• No point is in mincing words or hiding behind euphemisms. 没有必要闪烁其词或者羞羞答答。 来自辞典例句
• No point in mincing words or hiding behind euphemisms. 没必要闪烁其词或者羞羞答答。 来自辞典例句

15 anthropologist   

n.人类学家，人类学者

参考例句：

• The lecturer is an anthropologist.这位讲师是人类学家。
• The anthropologist unearthed the skull of an ancient human at the site.人类学家在这个遗址挖掘出那块古人类的颅骨。