2020年经济学人 查理曼专栏--售卖欧盟护照(3)

Offering citizenship¹ as a form of atonement is common. Austria, which normally restricts dual³ nationality, now allows descendants of Jews who were expelled, or fled, during the 1930s and 1940s to claim a passport. A similar right can be found in Germany, where it is embedded⁴ in the country’s constitution. Spain goes back even further, allowing descendants of Sephardic Jews kicked out in the 15th century to reclaim⁵ Spanish citizenship. (Descendants of Muslims kicked out in the same period have no such luck.)

将提供公民身份作为一种赎罪方式是很常见的。奥地利通常限制双重国籍，现在允许20世纪30年代至40年代被驱逐或逃亡的犹太人的后代申领护照。在德国也能发现类似的权利，这一权利被载入德国宪法中。西班牙甚至可以追溯回更远的过去，他们允许15世纪被驱逐的西班牙犹太人的后裔重新获得西班牙国籍。

A few countries take the opposite path and hoard⁶ their passports. Along with Austria, the Netherlands and Germany both have strict rules on dual-nationals from outside the EU. In the days when citizens were regularly conscripted to butcher their neighbours, restrictions⁷ on dual citizenship made sense. Now they seem outdated⁸, serving only to leave immigrants—who may not want to give up their other nationality—as perpetual outsiders.

一些国家则背道而驰，他们严格控制护照。与奥地利一样，荷兰和德国对来自欧盟以外的双重国籍都有严格的规定。在公民经常被征召去屠杀邻邦人民的时代，对双重国籍的限制是合理的。但现在这样的限制似乎已经过时了，只会让那些不想放弃其他国籍的移民成为永久的外来者。

If passports can be seen either as a commodity or political tool, on the one hand, or a life-long civic⁹ commitment on the other, devising common rules for handing them out is close to impossible. Although member states are happy to slam Malta and Cyprus, they do not appreciate criticism of how they themselves distribute citizenship. Some may balk¹⁰ at the idea of limiting dual nationality. Others may be uncomfortable with the unknown size of the Irish and Italian diasporas who could turn up as EU citizens. How countries seek to atone² for the Holocaust¹¹ is a deeply inappropriate question for an EU ruling. A clear definition of who qualifies for an EU passport is the obvious next step for any passport-selling ban; it is also a nightmare.

如果护照既可以被视为一种商品或政治工具，另一方面又可以被视为一种终生的公民承诺，那么几乎不可能制定出签发护照的共同规则。尽管欧盟各成员国乐于抨击马耳他和塞浦路斯，但它们并不乐于接受对自己分配公民身份方式的批评。有些国家可能会对限制双重国籍的想法犹豫不决。其他国家可能会对爱尔兰和意大利散居海外，并可能成为欧盟公民的人数不详而感到不安。由欧盟裁决各国寻求赎罪的方式也是非常不适宜的问题。明确界定谁有资格申请欧盟护照，显然是任何护照销售禁令的下一步；这也会是一场噩梦。

An Al Capone approach may be enough for the EU to crack down on the current schemes operated by Malta and Cyprus. Rather than stop them from selling passports outright¹², Brussels could pursue them via money-laundering legislation and make life difficult for the dodgier newcomers. But a determined¹³ state—and some canny¹⁴ lawyers—could keep the golden passport trade going. Granting citizenship is a huge power and member states are unlikely to give it up. That means they will probably have to tolerate their neighbours selling passports to plutocrats.

对于欧盟来说，阿尔·卡彭式的方法足以用来打击马耳他和塞浦路斯实施的现行计划。与其直接阻止这两个国家出售护照，布鲁塞尔不如通过反洗钱立法对它们进行追查，让可疑的新来者生活更加艰难。但一个坚定的国家和一些精明的律师可以让黄金护照交易继续下去。授予公民身份是一项巨大的权力，成员国不太可能放弃这项权力。这意味着他们可能不得不容忍邻国向富豪出售护照。

1 citizenship   

n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份)

参考例句：

• He was born in Sweden,but he doesn't have Swedish citizenship.他在瑞典出生，但没有瑞典公民身分。
• Ten years later,she chose to take Australian citizenship.十年后，她选择了澳大利亚国籍。

2 atone   

v.赎罪，补偿

参考例句：

• He promised to atone for his crime.他承诺要赎自己的罪。
• Blood must atone for blood.血债要用血来还。

3 dual   

adj.双的；二重的，二元的

参考例句：

• The people's Republic of China does not recognize dual nationality for any Chinese national.中华人民共和国不承认中国公民具有双重国籍。
• He has dual role as composer and conductor.他兼作曲家及指挥的双重身分。

4 embedded   

a.扎牢的

参考例句：

• an operation to remove glass that was embedded in his leg 取出扎入他腿部玻璃的手术
• He has embedded his name in the minds of millions of people. 他的名字铭刻在数百万人民心中。

5 reclaim   

v.要求归还，收回；开垦

参考例句：

• I have tried to reclaim my money without success.我没能把钱取回来。
• You must present this ticket when you reclaim your luggage.当你要取回行李时，必须出示这张票子。

6 hoard   

n./v.窖藏，贮存，囤积

参考例句：

• They have a hoard of food in the basement.地下室里有他们贮藏的食物。
• How many curios do you hoard in your study?你在你书房里聚藏了多少古玩？

7 restrictions   

约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则）

参考例句：

• I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
• a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制

8 outdated   

adj.旧式的，落伍的，过时的；v.使过时

参考例句：

• That list of addresses is outdated,many have changed.那个通讯录已经没用了，许多地址已经改了。
• Many of us conform to the outdated customs laid down by our forebears.我们许多人都遵循祖先立下的过时习俗。

9 civic   

adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的

参考例句：

• I feel it is my civic duty to vote.我认为投票选举是我作为公民的义务。
• The civic leaders helped to forward the project.市政府领导者协助促进工程的进展。

10 balk   

n.大方木料；v.妨碍；不愿前进或从事某事

参考例句：

• We get strong indications that his agent would balk at that request.我们得到的强烈暗示是他的经纪人会回避那个要求。
• He shored up the wall with a thick balk of wood.他用一根粗大的木头把墙撑住。

11 holocaust   

n.大破坏；大屠杀

参考例句：

• The Auschwitz concentration camp always remind the world of the holocaust.奥辛威茨集中营总是让世人想起大屠杀。
• Ahmadinejad is denying the holocaust because he's as brutal as Hitler was.内贾德否认大屠杀，因为他像希特勒一样残忍。

12 outright   

adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的

参考例句：

• If you have a complaint you should tell me outright.如果你有不满意的事，你应该直率地对我说。
• You should persuade her to marry you outright.你应该彻底劝服她嫁给你。

13 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

14 canny   

adj.谨慎的，节俭的

参考例句：

• He was far too canny to risk giving himself away.他非常谨慎，不会冒险暴露自己。
• But I'm trying to be a little canny about it.但是我想对此谨慎一些。