美国国家公共电台 NPR 美国对伊朗在叙利亚支持的民兵组织发动空袭

It is the first public test of President Joe Biden's national security strategy. The U.S. military launched airstrikes late yesterday in Syria. Pentagon officials say they struck buildings being used by Iranian-backed militias¹ there, the same militias the U.S. says were responsible for a rocket attack on a U.S. base in Iraq last week. NPR's Alice Fordham is in northern Iraq and joins us now. Alice, thanks for being here.

这是乔·拜登总统的国家安全战略的首次公开测试。昨天深夜，美军对叙利亚发动空袭。五角大楼官员表示，他们袭击了伊朗支持的民兵在叙利亚使用的建筑，美国称这些民兵是上周用火箭弹袭击美军驻伊拉克基地的元凶。NPR新闻的爱丽丝·福德汉姆现在在伊拉克北部，她将和我们连线。爱丽丝，谢谢你和我们连线。

ALICE FORDHAM, BYLINE²: Good morning.

爱丽丝·福德汉姆连线：早上好。

MARTIN: What can you tell us so far about the airstrikes?

马丁：目前你能告诉我们哪些与空袭有关的情况？

FORDHAM: Well, the Pentagon says these strikes hit militias that wield³ lots of power, both in Iraq and over the border in Syria. A statement on a messaging channel the militias use say one person was killed. There are some unconfirmed reports of several more casualties. And this is in response to a flurry of recent rocket attacks in Iraq and suggestions there could be more on the way. Of those attacks, one struck near the U.S. embassy. One hit a military base north of Baghdad, and the largest one hit a base used by the U.S. in the north of Iraq in the city of Irbil. And this looked a lot like a return to tactics used by Iran, which supports these militias, to needle the U.S. by attacking their infrastructure⁴ in Iraq, although we should say Iran has denied this.

福德汉姆：五角大楼表示，这些袭击打击了在伊拉克和叙利亚边境地区掌握大量权力的民兵。民兵使用的信息频道发布声明称，有一人在空袭中死亡。一些未经证实的报告称还有更多伤亡。这是对最近伊拉克发生的一系列火箭弹袭击做出的回应，同时暗示未来美国可能会发动更多袭击。其中一起火箭弹袭击发生在美国大使馆附近。巴格达北部一座军事基地也遭遇了袭击，而规模最大的一起袭击发生在伊拉克北部伊尔比尔市的一个美军基地。这看起来很像是伊朗所使用战术的回归，伊朗支持这些民兵组织，攻击美国在伊拉克的基础设施，尽管我们应该指出，伊朗否认了这一点。

MARTIN: What's been the reaction so far in Iraq?

马丁：到目前为止，伊拉克有何反应？

FORDHAM: Thus far, it has been quiet in Iraq. We know Iran's foreign minister has called his Syrian counterpart. But here in Iraq, everyone is watching closely because there's precedent⁵ for escalation⁶ in this kind of circumstance. In 2019, there was a somewhat similar series of events. An American contractor⁷ was killed in an attack on a base. There were demonstrations⁸ that breached⁹ the outer walls of the U.S. embassy. And then there was this stunning¹⁰ day at the beginning of last year when an American strike in Baghdad killed a top Iranian general, Qassem Soleimani, and an Iraqi leader. After that, Iran fired a barrage¹¹ of missiles at a base used by U.S. troops. Eventually, things simmered down, probably because Iran didn't want to risk all-out conflict, but the issues weren't resolved. And that's what seems to be bubbling up again now.

福德汉姆：到目前为止，伊拉克一直很平静。我们知道伊朗外长已致电叙利亚外长。但在伊拉克，每个人都在密切关注这起事件，因为此前发生过局势在这种情况下升级的先例。2019年发生了一些类似的系列事件。一名美国承包商在某基地遭遇的袭击中丧生。示威活动冲破了美国大使馆的外墙。去年年初，美国在巴格达发动了一起空袭，致伊朗高级将领卡西姆·苏莱曼尼和一名伊拉克领导人死亡。之后，伊朗向美军使用的一个基地发射了一连串导弹。最终，事态得以缓和，原因可能是伊朗不想冒全面冲突的风险，但问题并没有得到解决。现在问题似乎又再次出现。

MARTIN: So I'm going to ask you to take a step back and explain kind of the complicated geopolitics here because these are Iraqi militias, but they are funded by Iran, right?

马丁：我想请你稍微回顾一下局势，解释一下这里复杂的地缘政治，因为这些是伊拉克民兵，但他们由伊朗资助，对吗？

FORDHAM: That's right. And then they've been struck in Syria, so this draws in the region, certainly. The background to understanding why this strike happened in Syria is that over the last few years, we've seen this proxy¹² struggle between the U.S. and Iran play out in Iraq, which has stretched the U.S.' important relationship with the Iraqi government. American forces are here at the invitation of Iraq to fight ISIS. But that American strike I mentioned was seen as overstepping the limits of that invitation. So my read of a strike in Syria rather than Iraq is that it's a way of hitting these militias without endangering that relationship between Iraq and the U.S.

福德汉姆：没错。而且他们是在叙利亚遭到的袭击，这当然会吸引这一地区的关注。至于这起袭击为何发生在叙利亚，过去几年，我们看到美国和伊朗之间的代理权之争在伊拉克上演，这使美国与伊拉克政府的重要关系捉襟见肘。美军应伊拉克的请求来到伊拉克与ISIS作战。但我刚才提到的美国袭击被视为超越了请求的限度。因此，我对袭击发生在叙利亚而不是伊拉克的理解是，这是在不危及伊拉克和美国关系的情况下，打击这些民兵的方式。

MARTIN: Right. So the attack comes as the Biden administration is trying to revive a nuclear pact¹³ with Iran, which means meeting the Iranians. Does this strike jeopardize¹⁴ that?

马丁：好。这起袭击发生之际，拜登政府正试图恢复与伊朗的核协议，这意味着要与伊朗举行会谈。那这起袭击会对此造成危害吗？

FORDHAM: Well, to me, both Iran and the U.S. seem to be doing balancing acts. Iran looks to be flexing¹⁵ its muscles, but that doesn't mean it doesn't want to resuscitate¹⁶ the Iran nuclear deal. The U.S. doesn't want things to escalate¹⁷, but it doesn't want to let provocations¹⁸ go totally unanswered. Here on the ground in Iraq, where there's real fear of being caught in the middle, where these rocket attacks injure people and hurt property, I will say that most people really hope both sides manage that balancing act and some kind of equilibrium¹⁹ is found.

福德汉姆：在我看来，伊朗和美国似乎都在采取平衡行动。伊朗似乎在展示自己的实力，但这并不意味着其不想重启伊朗核协议。美国不希望事态升级，但也不想让挑衅完全得不到回应。在伊拉克，人们真的害怕陷入左右为难的境地，而这些火箭弹袭击造成了人员伤亡和财产损失，我要说的是，大多数人真的希望双方都能权衡行动，找到某种平衡。

MARTIN: NPR's Alice Fordham in Iraq, thank you.

马丁：以上是NPR新闻的爱丽丝·福德汉姆从伊拉克带来的报道 ，谢谢你。

FORDHAM: Thank you.

福德汉姆：谢谢。

1 militias   

n.民兵组织，民兵( militia的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The troops will not attempt to disarm the warring militias. 部队并不打算解除战斗中的民兵武装。 来自辞典例句
• The neighborhood was a battleground for Shiite and Sunni militias. 那里曾是什叶派和逊尼派武装分子的战场。 来自互联网

2 byline   

n.署名；v.署名

参考例句：

• His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
• We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。

3 wield   

vt.行使，运用，支配；挥，使用(武器等)

参考例句：

• They wield enormous political power.他们行使巨大的政治权力。
• People may wield the power in a democracy.在民主国家里，人民可以行使权力。

4 infrastructure   

n.下部构造，下部组织，基础结构，基础设施

参考例句：

• We should step up the development of infrastructure for research.加强科学基础设施建设。
• We should strengthen cultural infrastructure and boost various types of popular culture.加强文化基础设施建设，发展各类群众文化。

5 precedent   

n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的

参考例句：

• Is there a precedent for what you want me to do?你要我做的事有前例可援吗？
• This is a wonderful achievement without precedent in Chinese history.这是中国历史上亘古未有的奇绩。

6 escalation   

n.扩大，增加

参考例句：

• The threat of nuclear escalation remains. 核升级的威胁仍旧存在。 来自辞典例句
• Escalation is thus an aspect of deterrence and of crisis management. 因此逐步升级是威慑和危机处理的一个方面。 来自辞典例句

7 contractor   

n.订约人，承包人，收缩肌

参考例句：

• The Tokyo contractor was asked to kick $ 6000 back as commission.那个东京的承包商被要求退还6000美元作为佣金。
• The style of house the contractor builds depends partly on the lay of the land.承包商所建房屋的式样，有几分要看地势而定。

8 demonstrations   

证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威

参考例句：

• Lectures will be interspersed with practical demonstrations. 讲课中将不时插入实际示范。
• The new military government has banned strikes and demonstrations. 新的军人政府禁止罢工和示威活动。

9 breached   

攻破( breach的现在分词 )； 破坏，违反

参考例句：

• These commitments have already been breached. 这些承诺已遭背弃。
• Our tanks have breached the enemy defences. 我方坦克车突破了敌人的防线。

10 stunning   

adj.极好的；使人晕倒的

参考例句：

• His plays are distinguished only by their stunning mediocrity.他的戏剧与众不同之处就是平凡得出奇。
• The finished effect was absolutely stunning.完工后的效果非常美。

11 barrage   

n.火力网，弹幕

参考例句：

• The attack jumped off under cover of a barrage.进攻在炮火的掩护下开始了。
• The fierce artillery barrage destroyed the most part of the city in a few minutes.猛烈的炮火几分钟内便毁灭了这座城市的大部分地区。

12 proxy   

n.代理权，代表权；（对代理人的）委托书；代理人

参考例句：

• You may appoint a proxy to vote for you.你可以委托他人代你投票。
• We enclose a form of proxy for use at the Annual General Meeting.我们附上委任年度大会代表的表格。

13 pact   

n.合同，条约，公约，协定

参考例句：

• The two opposition parties made an electoral pact.那两个反对党订了一个有关选举的协定。
• The trade pact between those two countries came to an end.那两国的通商协定宣告结束。

14 jeopardize   

vt.危及，损害

参考例句：

• Overworking can jeopardize your health.工作过量可能会危及你的健康。
• If you are rude to the boss it may jeopardize your chances of success.如果你对上司无礼，那就可能断送你成功的机会。

15 flexing   

n.挠曲，可挠性v.屈曲( flex的现在分词 )；弯曲；（为准备大干而）显示实力；摩拳擦掌

参考例句：

• Flexing particular muscles allows snakes to move in several ways. 可弯曲的特殊的肌肉使蛇可以用几种方式移动。 来自电影对白
• China has become an economic superpower and is flexing its muscles. 中国已经成为了一个经济巨人而且在展示他的肌肉。 来自互联网

16 resuscitate   

v.使复活，使苏醒

参考例句：

• A policeman and then a paramedic tried to resuscitate her.一名警察和一位护理人员先后试图救活她。
• As instructed by Rinpoche,we got the doctors to resuscitate him.遵照仁波切的指示，我们找来医生帮他进行急救。

17 escalate   

v.(使)逐步增长(或发展)，(使)逐步升级

参考例句：

• It would tempt Israel's neighbors to escalate their demands.它将诱使以色列的邻国不断把他们的要求升级。
• Defeat could cause one side or other to escalate the conflict.失败可能会导致其中一方将冲突升级。

18 provocations   

n.挑衅( provocation的名词复数 )；激怒；刺激；愤怒的原因

参考例句：

• We cannot ignore such provocations. 对于这种挑衅，我们不能置之不理。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• They must immediately cease all their provocations. 他们必须停止一切挑衅。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

19 equilibrium   

n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静

参考例句：

• Change in the world around us disturbs our inner equilibrium.我们周围世界的变化扰乱了我们内心的平静。
• This is best expressed in the form of an equilibrium constant.这最好用平衡常数的形式来表示。