2021年经济学人 二氧化碳和水就能造出航空燃料

Science and Technology

科技版块

Green aviation

绿色航空

Liquid sunshine

液体阳光

A way of combining atmospheric¹ CO₂ and water to make aircraft fuel

一种将大气中的二氧化碳和水结合起来制造飞机燃料的方法

MOST PEOPLE who think about such things agree that replacing fossil fuels with renewable electricity, either directly or indirectly², is the best way to decarbonise industry, transport and the heating and cooling of buildings.

大多数人都同意这一点——直接或间接地用可再生电力取代化石燃料是工业、交通以及建筑供暖和制冷的脱碳最佳方式。

But there are some holdout areas where this is hard.

但也有一些领域难以做到脱碳。

Cement is one.

水泥行业就是其中之一。

Aviation is another, because batteries are too heavy and hydrogen (which could be made using renewable electricity) too bulky to do the job easily.

航空领域是另一个，因为电池太重，氢（可以用可再生电力制造）需要的体积太大，难以实现。

Hydrocarbon³ aviation fuels are thus likely to be around for a while.

因此，碳氢化合物航空燃料可能会存在一段时间。

But such fuels need not be fossil.

但这些燃料不一定是化石燃料。

They might be synthesised from the CO₂ exhaust of various industrial processes.

它们可以从各种工业过程排放二氧化碳合成。

And a study just published in Nature, by Aldo Steinfeld of ETH Zurich, a technological⁴ university in Switzerland, and his colleagues, shows how they might literally⁵ be plucked from thin air.

瑞士苏黎世理工大学的阿尔多·斯坦菲尔德和他的同事们刚刚在《自然》杂志上发表的一项研究展示，它们是如何从稀薄的空气中提取燃料的。

Dr Steinfeld and his team devised and tested a system that, in essence, reimagines the natural process of photosynthesis⁶.

斯坦菲尔德博士和他的团队设计并测试了一个系统，从本质上说，它可以重新想象光合作用的自然过程。

Plants take in atmospheric CO₂ and water and, with sunlight providing the energy, turn those raw materials into organic molecules⁷.

植物吸收大气中的二氧化碳和水，并通过阳光提供能量，将这些原材料转化为有机分子。

And that is exactly what Dr Steinfeld has done.

这正是斯坦菲尔德博士所做的。

The process has three stages.

这个过程分为三个阶段。

The first absorbs CO₂ and water from the atmosphere using a so-called direct-air-capture device made by Climeworks, a spin-off of ETH founded by two of Dr Steinfeld's students that made the news recently by opening a demonstration⁸ carbon-capture-and-storage system in Iceland.

第一个阶段是利用Climeworks制造的名为“直接捕获空气装置”从大气中吸收二氧化碳和水。博士的两学生最近在冰岛展示了“碳捕获和存储系统”，已成为新闻。（Climeworks是ETH的一个分支，ETH是由斯坦菲尔德博士的两名学生创建的。）

There, however, the CO₂ is reacted with basalt rock to dispose of it. Dr Steinfeld’s system makes use of it.

然而，在那里，二氧化碳与玄武岩发生反应，将其转化。斯坦菲尔德博士的系统利用了它。

The second stage is the clever bit.

第二个阶段是是很有巧思的。

It employs concentrated sunlight to heat a material called cerium oxide⁹ which, when so heated, reacts with both CO₂ and water.

它利用集中的阳光加热一种叫做氧化铈的物质，当这种物质被加热时，它会与二氧化碳和水发生反应。

The reaction with CO₂ creates carbon monoxide.

与二氧化碳的反应产生一氧化碳。

The one with water creates hydrogen.

有水的产生氢气。

In both cases the by-product¹⁰ is oxygen, which is vented¹¹ into the atmosphere.

在这两种过程下，副产品都是氧气，氧气被排放到大气中。

But a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is a familiar one to industrial chemists.

但是工业化学家对一氧化碳和氢气的混合物并不陌生。

It is called syngas, and is widely used as a raw material to make other things.

它被称为合成气，是被广泛用作制造其他东西的原料。

The third part of the process is therefore to turn the syngas into organic molecules.

因此，该过程的第三阶段是将合成气转化为有机分子。

For the hydrocarbons¹² that make up aviation fuel an industrial chemist would normally turn to what is known as the Fischer-Tropsch process.

对于构成航空燃料的碳氢化合物，工业化学家通常会采用费托合成的方法。

For their demonstrator, the team chose another route, which led to methanol rather than hydrocarbons.

对于他们的示范者，团队选择了另一条路线，这样可以产生甲醇而不是碳氢化合物。

But the general idea is the same.

但总体思路是一样的。

The team's demonstration rig, which they installed on the roof of ETH's Machine Laboratory Building, had a typical yield of 32ml of pure methanol per seven-hour day—tiny, but a clear proof of principle.

该团队的演示装置安装在ETH机器实验室大楼的屋顶上，其产量为每7小时32毫升纯甲醇，虽然量很小，但这是一个明确的原理证明。

A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that substituting the world’s aviation-fuel market entirely¹³ in this way would need 45,000km2 of suitably insolated land.

粗略计算表明，以这种方式完全替代世界航空燃料市场需要4.5万平方千米的适当日照土地。

That sounds a lot, but is equivalent to about 0.5% of the area of the Sahara Desert.

这听起来很多，但仅相当于撒哈拉沙漠面积的0.5%。

Air-captured aviation fuel would certainly need its path to market smoothed by appropriate carbon taxes on the fossil variety, and possibly other measures.

通过对化石燃料征收适当的碳税，再加上可能采取的其他措施，空气中捕获的航空燃料进入市场的道路肯定会变得平坦。

But Dr Steinfeld's rig does seem to have demonstrated a credible¹⁴ and potentially scalable way to go about making the stuff.

但是斯坦菲尔德博士的设备似乎已经证明了一种可靠的、潜在的可扩大规模化的方法来制造这些东西。

1 atmospheric   

adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的

参考例句：

• Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
• Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。

2 indirectly   

adv.间接地，不直接了当地

参考例句：

• I heard the news indirectly.这消息我是间接听来的。
• They were approached indirectly through an intermediary.通过一位中间人，他们进行了间接接触。

3 hydrocarbon   

n.烃，碳氢化合物

参考例句：

• During incomplete combustion some of the hydrocarbon fuel is cracked.在不完全的燃烧中，一些烃燃料裂解。
• The hydrocarbon must be an alkene.这个碳氢化合物必定是烯烃。

4 technological   

adj.技术的；工艺的

参考例句：

• A successful company must keep up with the pace of technological change.一家成功的公司必须得跟上技术变革的步伐。
• Today,the pace of life is increasing with technological advancements.当今， 随着科技进步，生活节奏不断增快。

5 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

6 photosynthesis   

n.光合作用

参考例句：

• In apple trees photosynthesis occurs almost exclusively in the leaves.苹果树的光合作用几乎只发生在叶内。
• Chloroplasts are the structures in which photosynthesis happens.叶绿体就是光合作用发生的地方。

7 molecules   

分子( molecule的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

8 demonstration   

n.表明，示范，论证，示威

参考例句：

• His new book is a demonstration of his patriotism.他写的新书是他的爱国精神的证明。
• He gave a demonstration of the new technique then and there.他当场表演了这种新的操作方法。

9 oxide   

n.氧化物

参考例句：

• Oxide is usually seen in our daily life.在我们的日常生活中氧化物很常见。
• How can you get rid of this oxide coating?你们该怎样除去这些氧化皮？

10 by-product   

n.副产品，附带产生的结果

参考例句：

• Freedom is the by-product of economic surplus.自由是经济盈余的副产品。
• The raw material for the tyre is a by-product of petrol refining.制造轮胎的原材料是提炼汽油时产生的一种副产品。

11 vented   

表达，发泄（感情，尤指愤怒）( vent的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He vented his frustration on his wife. 他受到挫折却把气发泄到妻子身上。
• He vented his anger on his secretary. 他朝秘书发泄怒气。

12 hydrocarbons   

n.碳氢化合物，烃( hydrocarbon的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Hydrocarbons (HC), like carbon monoxide, represent unburned and wasted fuel. 碳氢化合物(HC)像一氧化碳一样，为未燃尽的和被浪费掉的燃料。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
• With this restricted frequency range it is not applicable to hydrocarbons. 这个较紧缩的频率范围不适用于烃类。 来自辞典例句

13 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

14 credible   

adj.可信任的，可靠的

参考例句：

• The news report is hardly credible.这则新闻报道令人难以置信。
• Is there a credible alternative to the nuclear deterrent?是否有可以取代核威慑力量的可靠办法？