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美国国家公共电台 NPR--Lifesaving or stigmatizing? Parents wrestle with obesity treatment options for kids

时间:2023-12-28 02:05来源:互联网 提供网友:nan   字体: [ ]
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Lifesaving or stigmatizing2? Parents wrestle3 with obesity4 treatment options for kids

Transcript5

Two mothers — Jen McLellan in Albuquerque, N.M., and Grace, of Bethesda, Md. — haven't met, but they share a common childhood trauma6: Both came of age in the 1980s and '90s feeling burdened by shame and stigma1 over their body size. Both tried every known diet plan and pill available at the time, only to have doctor after doctor admonish7 them to restrict calories and exercise still more.

Since then, scientific understanding of obesity has transformed; doctors now consider it a disease driven by genetics, the brain and other organs, as well as by environmental or psychosocial factors. Studies have also confirmed what both women suspected all along: Diets usually do not result in long-term weight loss because food and exercise account for only some part of the puzzle.

Both women felt duped and overlooked by doctors who — mistakenly, it turns out — viewed obesity as a lack of willpower.

Now, each of these mothers has a 12-year-old child confronting social issues related to weight, and both strongly wish to help their own children tread healthier paths.

"It is trauma, because we've seen what has happened to ourselves," says McLellan, a childbirth educator specializing in helping9 plus-size mothers. "All I've ever known was dieting and the harm I had done to my body."

Grace, a software engineer who wishes to use only her middle name to protect her daughter's privacy, says the feeling that obesity was a personal failure isolated10 her as a child. "I didn't have a lot of friends all the way through middle school, even high school," she says.

Today, there are treatments for kids with severe obesity that weren't available to Grace and McLellan growing up. New drugs like semaglutide — approved for weight loss under the brand Wegovy — tamp11 down hunger and boost metabolism12; adolescent bariatric surgery achieves similar results.

Both treatments were added early this year to the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommended treatment guidelines for children as young as 12 or 13 — acknowledging the increasing threat of the disease in children. Those guidelines help direct pediatricians in their treatment recommendations, which can, in turn, affect the likelihood that a patient might get diagnosed, get treated or get their care paid for by insurance.

The new AAP guidelines — as well as the rising awareness13 of the new class of effective weight-loss drugs — have touched off controversy14 among many parents who are now debating whether, when and how to treat a child's obesity.

Like many parents, Grace and McLellan have divergent views about the issue.

Seeking to spare kids from stigma

Grace's eldest15 daughter had been active in sports, but around age 8 — with no changes in how she'd been eating — she started rapidly and inexplicably16 gaining weight, as Grace herself had. Her increasing size and decreasing mobility17 started affecting her moods and caused distress18.

I'm really hopeful for her, that she can avoid all of the problems I had with my weight and struggled [with] my entire life.

Grace, speaking about her eldest daughter

So Grace fought to get her middle-schooler on the new obesity drugs. Because no pediatric obesity specialists were available, she enlisted19 help from a medical researcher who diagnosed her daughter with a rare genetic8 disorder20, PCSK1 deficiency, that causes rapid weight gain. (As it turns out, Grace was later diagnosed with this condition as well.)

Then Grace battled through insurance appeals and other paperwork to get a costly21 treatment for her daughter paid for by her health insurance. The drug is approved only for those with weight gain related to a handful of rare genetic conditions.

For the past year, her daughter has gotten a refrigerated shot of medication in the arm every morning before school. Her mother says that the medication has trimmed her weight gain. Plus, just knowing obesity is a treatable disease and not her fault has lifted the girl's spirits.

"I think that will enable her to grow into a much more healthy person all around, psychologically, socially," Grace says.

Grace wanted to intervene with treatment before her daughter developed any ailments22 tied to obesity, such as diabetes23 or joint24 or liver problems. She hopes the new guidelines will make it easier for other children like hers to get treatment and insurance coverage25, noting how current barriers to care and treatment are insurmountably high for most families.

"I'm really hopeful for her, that she can avoid all of the problems I had with my weight and struggled [with] my entire life," Grace says.

Making a lifelong decision for your child

As an adult, Jen McLellan spends a lot of time pushing back against the stigma and medical discrimination that she says she experienced throughout her life. She's concerned about her son being exposed to weight bias26 in many forms, and she teaches him to accept and embrace all body types.

Yet she says he still makes occasional comments about tying his sweatshirt around his belly27 to make it appear smaller.

Are we saying that our children need to be on this medication for the rest of their lives?

Jen McLellan, speaking about weight-loss drugs

McLellan says doctors often push diets and drugs to achieve cosmetic28 fixes, not to solve actual medical problems — she herself didn't face health issues related to her obesity. So to her, the newer advanced treatment options for children sound familiar and dangerous.

She doesn't trust that these new drugs endorsed29 by the medical establishment — which mostly act on the brain's regulation of appetite — won't later prove as harmful as various older drugs doctors prescribed her in the past. That included metformin, which reduces sugar absorption but gave her constant diarrhea. "The minute I got off of them, I just gained everything back — plus," McLellan says.

She's incredulous doctors would recommend open-ended use of new medications for young patients: "Are we saying that our children need to be on this medication for the rest of their lives?"

More "horrifying30" and extreme, she finds, is the prospect31 of bariatric surgery on a child who hasn't yet gone through puberty.

Pushing back against moral assumptions

Treating obesity in children is an extremely touchy32 topic fraught33 with stigma and sensitivities, and there is no easy or risk-free solution. Parents' dilemmas34 are made more challenging because obesity medicine is still rapidly evolving. There is no data, for example, on the long-term effects on adolescents of the newly approved medications. The new medications, including Ozempic, were originally developed to treat diabetes and have only recently been approved for weight loss under the brand Wegovy.

Bariatric surgery's track record in teens is longer and has proved effective, though it comes with some risk of complications, malnutrition35 and weight regain36. Either way, neither medication nor surgery is a quick fix, and both are expensive and require serious commitment to big lifestyle changes in nutrition and activity in order to work.

But forgoing37 treatment — "watchful38 waiting," as the previous pediatric guidelines advised — is not an option for kids facing potentially lethal39 medical consequences. The most recent data available, from 2018, shows that nearly 20% of kids have obesity, including 6.1% who have severe obesity.

"Some of these kids are having very serious complications that are life-limiting, that are happening to them right now," says Sarah Hampl, a pediatrician with Children's Mercy in Kansas City, Mo., who co-authored this year's new AAP guidelines. The document runs more than 70 pages and strongly emphasizes the importance of family lifestyle changes to ensure nutrition, exercise, sleep and stress management, Hampl says, but it also recognizes today's realities: "We need to take more urgent action."

Treatment, Hampl argues, doesn't just improve physical disease; it can also help address some of the related mental health complications that often accompany obesity. Obesity is uniquely cruel in its stigma. Larger kids are frequently bullied40 or feel left out of sports or other activities because of their body size.

To Faith Anne Heeren, that's an argument in favor of treatment. Heeren, 25, had developed prediabetes and high blood pressure before undergoing bariatric surgery in high school.

"I think it has the potential to relieve so much internalized stigma that has been building up for so many years," says Heeren, who is now a Ph.D. candidate in obesity research at the University of Florida.

As a child, Heeren says, she was quiet and shy, and she thought that this was her innate41 personality, only to find surgery changed that too. "I got more vocal42 and opinionated and loud after I lost weight, and I think it's because I gained a lot of confidence and felt comfortable in my body and didn't feel like I needed to hide," she says.

Are those other nonmedical factors reason enough to treat a child's obesity?

Dr. Fatima Cody Stanford argues it can be.

"Obesity in and of itself is a disease," says Stanford, a Harvard Medical School obesity specialist. "If we recognize obesity as the chronic43 disease that it is, then we have to treat that disease, not just as an impact on other diseases."

Two views of how to combat stigma

But that's a difficult concept for many parents to grasp, because weight and body size come with so many moral assumptions, unlike treating cancer, Stanford says. Parents and teenagers are often reluctant to use medication or surgery because they see it as an admission of their own failure, even when told that obesity's origins are complex and often hereditary44.

"They've been taught that you do this the right way, and the right way is diet and exercise — that's more of what I hear," Stanford says.

Similarly, factoring a child's mental health into the child's treatment — problems with bullying45, for example — can also be a divisive issue for parents, especially if medical problems haven't yet manifested.

Jen McLellan, the Albuquerque mother, says endorsing46 treatments that reduce body size makes weight stigma worse. She thinks parents instead should model acceptance of different body sizes, rather than urging kids to conform to a smaller ideal. "We shouldn't be changing their bodies because of bullying so they fit a mold that is acceptable by society," she says.

Many advocates in the growing fat acceptance movement share McLellan's point of view. For instance, the Association for Size Diversity and Health issued a statement condemning47 the AAP's treatment guidelines, writing that they "worsen medical fatphobia and ultimately degrade the quality of healthcare" for kids.

But for Grace, she says she couldn't bear the thought of her daughter reliving her own childhood anguish48, living a life marginalized because of her body. "I just remember all of that sadness and isolation49, and I wish I could go back in time and help that kid," Grace says.

So when Grace's daughter asked for help with her body weight, Grace dedicated50 herself to the task. These are tough decisions that come down to so many different and highly personal factors, Grace says, but she's grateful there are new options to consider.

And she feels validated51 in her decision to pursue treatment, because of the improvements she sees in her daughter's emotional health.

"She has more friends, she's doing better in school and she's really expressing herself and her uniqueness and her individuality a lot more," Grace says.

If anything, she says, the changes have reduced weight stigma for her daughter and made her more accepting. "I think it's also given her a lot of empathy for people who are different," Grace says.


点击收听单词发音收听单词发音  

1 stigma WG2z4     
n.耻辱,污名;(花的)柱头
参考例句:
  • Being an unmarried mother used to carry a social stigma.做未婚母亲在社会上曾是不光彩的事。
  • The stigma of losing weighed heavily on the team.失败的耻辱让整个队伍压力沉重。
2 stigmatizing a439a524b86cf0ed076d1e37e322db08     
v.使受耻辱,指责,污辱( stigmatize的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • Laing regards the concept of mental illness as both unscientific and stigmatizing. 菜恩认为精神病的概念是不科学的和诬蔑性的。 来自辞典例句
  • The existing social benefits are considered to be stigmatizing and repressive. 现存的社会福利被指责为是无价值的、残暴的。 来自互联网
3 wrestle XfLwD     
vi.摔跤,角力;搏斗;全力对付
参考例句:
  • He taught his little brother how to wrestle.他教他小弟弟如何摔跤。
  • We have to wrestle with difficulties.我们必须同困难作斗争。
4 obesity Dv1ya     
n.肥胖,肥大
参考例句:
  • One effect of overeating may be obesity.吃得过多能导致肥胖。
  • Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity than some other foods.糖和脂肪比其他食物更容易导致肥胖。
5 transcript JgpzUp     
n.抄本,誊本,副本,肄业证书
参考例句:
  • A transcript of the tapes was presented as evidence in court.一份录音带的文字本作为证据被呈交法庭。
  • They wouldn't let me have a transcript of the interview.他们拒绝给我一份采访的文字整理稿。
6 trauma TJIzJ     
n.外伤,精神创伤
参考例句:
  • Counselling is helping him work through this trauma.心理辅导正帮助他面对痛苦。
  • The phobia may have its root in a childhood trauma.恐惧症可能源于童年时期的创伤。
7 admonish NyEzW     
v.训戒;警告;劝告
参考例句:
  • I will tactfully admonish him not to behave like this again.我会婉转的规诫他不要再这样做。
  • Admonish your friends privately,but praise them openly.要私下告戒朋友,但是要公开夸奖朋友。
8 genetic PgIxp     
adj.遗传的,遗传学的
参考例句:
  • It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
  • Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。
9 helping 2rGzDc     
n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的,辅助的
参考例句:
  • The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
  • By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。
10 isolated bqmzTd     
adj.与世隔绝的
参考例句:
  • His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
  • Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。
11 tamp kqsw3     
v.捣实,砸实
参考例句:
  • Then I tamp down the soil with the back of a rake.然后我用耙子的背将土壤拍实。
  • Philpott tamped a wad of tobacco into his pipe.菲尔波特往烟斗里塞了一卷碎烟叶。
12 metabolism 171zC     
n.新陈代谢
参考例句:
  • After years of dieting,Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack.经过数年的节食,卡罗尔的新陈代谢完全紊乱了。
  • All living matter undergoes a process of metabolism.生物都有新陈代谢。
13 awareness 4yWzdW     
n.意识,觉悟,懂事,明智
参考例句:
  • There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
  • Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。
14 controversy 6Z9y0     
n.争论,辩论,争吵
参考例句:
  • That is a fact beyond controversy.那是一个无可争论的事实。
  • We ran the risk of becoming the butt of every controversy.我们要冒使自己在所有的纷争中都成为众矢之的的风险。
15 eldest bqkx6     
adj.最年长的,最年老的
参考例句:
  • The King's eldest son is the heir to the throne.国王的长子是王位的继承人。
  • The castle and the land are entailed on the eldest son.城堡和土地限定由长子继承。
16 inexplicably 836e3f6ed2882afd2a77cf5530fca975     
adv.无法说明地,难以理解地,令人难以理解的是
参考例句:
  • Inexplicably, Mary said she loved John. 真是不可思议,玛丽说她爱约翰。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Inexplicably, she never turned up. 令人不解的是,她从未露面。 来自辞典例句
17 mobility H6rzu     
n.可动性,变动性,情感不定
参考例句:
  • The difference in regional house prices acts as an obstacle to mobility of labour.不同地区房价的差异阻碍了劳动力的流动。
  • Mobility is very important in guerrilla warfare.机动性在游击战中至关重要。
18 distress 3llzX     
n.苦恼,痛苦,不舒适;不幸;vt.使悲痛
参考例句:
  • Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
  • Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。
19 enlisted 2d04964099d0ec430db1d422c56be9e2     
adj.应募入伍的v.(使)入伍, (使)参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 );获得(帮助或支持)
参考例句:
  • enlisted men and women 男兵和女兵
  • He enlisted with the air force to fight against the enemy. 他应募加入空军对敌作战。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
20 disorder Et1x4     
n.紊乱,混乱;骚动,骚乱;疾病,失调
参考例句:
  • When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后,他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
  • It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。
21 costly 7zXxh     
adj.昂贵的,价值高的,豪华的
参考例句:
  • It must be very costly to keep up a house like this.维修这么一幢房子一定很昂贵。
  • This dictionary is very useful,only it is a bit costly.这本词典很有用,左不过贵了些。
22 ailments 6ba3bf93bc9d97e7fdc2b1b65b3e69d6     
疾病(尤指慢性病),不适( ailment的名词复数 )
参考例句:
  • His ailments include a mild heart attack and arthritis. 他患有轻度心脏病和关节炎。
  • He hospitalizes patients for minor ailments. 他把只有小病的患者也送进医院。
23 diabetes uPnzu     
n.糖尿病
参考例句:
  • In case of diabetes, physicians advise against the use of sugar.对于糖尿病患者,医生告诫他们不要吃糖。
  • Diabetes is caused by a fault in the insulin production of the body.糖尿病是由体內胰岛素分泌失调引起的。
24 joint m3lx4     
adj.联合的,共同的;n.关节,接合处;v.连接,贴合
参考例句:
  • I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤,肩膀脫臼了。
  • We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。
25 coverage nvwz7v     
n.报导,保险范围,保险额,范围,覆盖
参考例句:
  • There's little coverage of foreign news in the newspaper.报纸上几乎没有国外新闻报道。
  • This is an insurance policy with extensive coverage.这是一项承保范围广泛的保险。
26 bias 0QByQ     
n.偏见,偏心,偏袒;vt.使有偏见
参考例句:
  • They are accusing the teacher of political bias in his marking.他们在指控那名教师打分数有政治偏见。
  • He had a bias toward the plan.他对这项计划有偏见。
27 belly QyKzLi     
n.肚子,腹部;(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分,膛
参考例句:
  • The boss has a large belly.老板大腹便便。
  • His eyes are bigger than his belly.他眼馋肚饱。
28 cosmetic qYgz2     
n.化妆品;adj.化妆用的;装门面的;装饰性的
参考例句:
  • These changes are purely cosmetic.这些改变纯粹是装饰门面。
  • Laughter is the best cosmetic,so grin and wear it!微笑是最好的化妆品,所以请尽情微笑吧!
29 endorsed a604e73131bb1a34283a5ebcd349def4     
vt.& vi.endorse的过去式或过去分词形式v.赞同( endorse的过去式和过去分词 );在(尤指支票的)背面签字;在(文件的)背面写评论;在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品
参考例句:
  • The committee endorsed an initiative by the chairman to enter discussion about a possible merger. 委员会通过了主席提出的新方案,开始就可能进行的并购进行讨论。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The government has broadly endorsed a research paper proposing new educational targets for 14-year-olds. 政府基本上支持建议对14 岁少年实行新教育目标的研究报告。 来自《简明英汉词典》
30 horrifying 6rezZ3     
a.令人震惊的,使人毛骨悚然的
参考例句:
  • He went to great pains to show how horrifying the war was. 他极力指出战争是多么的恐怖。
  • The possibility of war is too horrifying to contemplate. 战争的可能性太可怕了,真不堪细想。
31 prospect P01zn     
n.前景,前途;景色,视野
参考例句:
  • This state of things holds out a cheerful prospect.事态呈现出可喜的前景。
  • The prospect became more evident.前景变得更加明朗了。
32 touchy PJfz6     
adj.易怒的;棘手的
参考例句:
  • Be careful what you say because he's touchy.你说话小心,因为他容易生气。
  • He's a little touchy about his weight.他对自己的体重感到有点儿苦恼。
33 fraught gfpzp     
adj.充满…的,伴有(危险等)的;忧虑的
参考例句:
  • The coming months will be fraught with fateful decisions.未来数月将充满重大的决定。
  • There's no need to look so fraught!用不着那么愁眉苦脸的!
34 dilemmas 619646ac13737b880beb161dfe80967f     
n.左右为难( dilemma的名词复数 );窘境,困境
参考例句:
  • They dealt with their dilemmas by mixing perhaps unintentionally an explosive brew. 他们――也许是无意地――把爆炸性的佐料混合在一起,以此来应付困难处境。 来自辞典例句
  • Ten years later we encountered the same dilemmas in Vietnam. 十年后,我们又在越南遇到了同样进退两难的局面。 来自辞典例句
35 malnutrition kAhxX     
n.营养不良
参考例句:
  • In Africa, there are a lot of children suffering from severe malnutrition.在非洲有大批严重营养不良的孩子。
  • It is a classic case of malnutrition. 这是营养不良的典型病例。
36 regain YkYzPd     
vt.重新获得,收复,恢复
参考例句:
  • He is making a bid to regain his World No.1 ranking.他正为重登世界排名第一位而努力。
  • The government is desperate to regain credibility with the public.政府急于重新获取公众的信任。
37 forgoing 63a17233a6a5541f25d34a5fd7c248cb     
v.没有也行,放弃( forgo的现在分词 )
参考例句:
  • Everything, in short, is produced at the expense of forgoing something else. 总之,每一种东西的生产,都得以牺牲放弃某些其他东西为代价。 来自互联网
  • These aren't the only ones forgoing the morning repast, of course. 当然,他们并不是放弃早餐的唯一几个。 来自互联网
38 watchful tH9yX     
adj.注意的,警惕的
参考例句:
  • The children played under the watchful eye of their father.孩子们在父亲的小心照看下玩耍。
  • It is important that health organizations remain watchful.卫生组织保持警惕是极为重要的。
39 lethal D3LyB     
adj.致死的;毁灭性的
参考例句:
  • A hammer can be a lethal weapon.铁锤可以是致命的武器。
  • She took a lethal amount of poison and died.她服了致命剂量的毒药死了。
40 bullied 2225065183ebf4326f236cf6e2003ccc     
adj.被欺负了v.恐吓,威逼( bully的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句:
  • My son is being bullied at school. 我儿子在学校里受欺负。
  • The boy bullied the small girl into giving him all her money. 那男孩威逼那个小女孩把所有的钱都给他。 来自《简明英汉词典》
41 innate xbxzC     
adj.天生的,固有的,天赋的
参考例句:
  • You obviously have an innate talent for music.你显然有天生的音乐才能。
  • Correct ideas are not innate in the mind.人的正确思想不是自己头脑中固有的。
42 vocal vhOwA     
adj.直言不讳的;嗓音的;n.[pl.]声乐节目
参考例句:
  • The tongue is a vocal organ.舌头是一个发音器官。
  • Public opinion at last became vocal.终于舆论哗然。
43 chronic BO9zl     
adj.(疾病)长期未愈的,慢性的;极坏的
参考例句:
  • Famine differs from chronic malnutrition.饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
  • Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition.慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。
44 hereditary fQJzF     
adj.遗传的,遗传性的,可继承的,世袭的
参考例句:
  • The Queen of England is a hereditary ruler.英国女王是世袭的统治者。
  • In men,hair loss is hereditary.男性脱发属于遗传。
45 bullying f23dd48b95ce083d3774838a76074f5f     
v.恐吓,威逼( bully的现在分词 );豪;跋扈
参考例句:
  • Many cases of bullying go unreported . 很多恐吓案件都没有人告发。
  • All cases of bullying will be severely dealt with. 所有以大欺小的情况都将受到严肃处理。 来自《简明英汉词典》
46 endorsing a5b3f1341cd4294ff105734a1ff0bd61     
v.赞同( endorse的现在分词 );在(尤指支票的)背面签字;在(文件的)背面写评论;在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品
参考例句:
  • Yet Communist leaders are also publicly endorsing religion in an unprecedented way. 不过,共产党领导层对宗教信仰的公开认可也是以前不曾有过的。 来自互联网
  • Connecticut Independent Senator Joseph Lieberman is endorsing Republican Senator John McCain. 康涅狄格州独立派参议员约瑟夫。列波曼将会票选共和议员约翰。麦凯恩。 来自互联网
47 condemning 3c571b073a8d53beeff1e31a57d104c0     
v.(通常因道义上的原因而)谴责( condemn的现在分词 );宣判;宣布…不能使用;迫使…陷于不幸的境地
参考例句:
  • The government issued a statement condemning the killings. 政府发表声明谴责这些凶杀事件。
  • I concur with the speaker in condemning what has been done. 我同意发言者对所做的事加以谴责。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
48 anguish awZz0     
n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦,烦恼
参考例句:
  • She cried out for anguish at parting.分手时,她由于痛苦而失声大哭。
  • The unspeakable anguish wrung his heart.难言的痛苦折磨着他的心。
49 isolation 7qMzTS     
n.隔离,孤立,分解,分离
参考例句:
  • The millionaire lived in complete isolation from the outside world.这位富翁过着与世隔绝的生活。
  • He retired and lived in relative isolation.他退休后,生活比较孤寂。
50 dedicated duHzy2     
adj.一心一意的;献身的;热诚的
参考例句:
  • He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业。
  • His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。
51 validated c9e825f4641cd3bec0ba01a0c2d67755     
v.证实( validate的过去式和过去分词 );确证;使生效;使有法律效力
参考例句:
  • Time validated our suspicion. 时间证实了我们的怀疑。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
  • The decade of history since 1927 had richly validated their thesis. 1927年以来的十年的历史,充分证明了他们的论点。 来自辞典例句
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