TED演讲:为掌握而不是为了分数而教学(4)

 So the idea of mastery learning is to do the exact opposite. 然而掌握式教育的观念就是反其道而行之。

Instead of artificially constraining¹, fixing when and how long you work on something, 将人为的限制、僵化、何时学习和学多久、

pretty much ensuring that variable outcome, the A, B, C, D, F -- do it the other way around. 把结果按Ａ、B、C、D、F分级的行为，转换成另一种方式。

What's variable is when and how long a student actually has to work on something, 学生之间的差异应该是何时以及多久可以掌握好一门知识，

and what's fixed² is that they actually master the material. 要坚持一致的是学生真的掌握了这门知识。

And it's important to realize that not only will this make the student learn their exponents³ better, 我们必须意识到它的重要性，这样不仅可以让学生更好地掌握指数函数，

but it'll reinforce the right mindset muscles. 同时也可以培养一种正确的思维方式。

It makes them realize that if you got 20 percent wrong on something, 这可以让他们认识到如果他们答错了20%，

it doesn't mean that you have a C branded in your DNA⁴ somehow. 不代表他们天生就只有C的水平，

It means that you should just keep working on it. 而是说明他们还需要在这个内容上继续努力、

You should have grit⁵; you should have perseverance⁶; you should take agency over your learning. 坚持不懈、迎难而上，拿出热情克服学习中的障碍。

Now, a lot of skeptics might say, well, hey, this is all great, philosophically⁷, 现在，很多怀疑者可能会说，这听起来不错，理论上来说，

this whole idea of mastery-based learning and its connection to mindset, students taking agency over their learning. 这套以掌握为目的教学方式以及与思维方式的连结，可以让学生积极克服学习中的障碍。

It makes a lot of sense, but it seems impractical⁸. To actually do it, every student would be on their own track. 这听起来很有道理，但不太实际。要实现一点，每个学生都必须遵循自己的学习进度。

It would have to be personalized, you'd have to have private tutors and worksheets for every student. 必须有个性化的教学方式，一对一辅导和有针对性的练习题。

And these aren't new ideas -- there were experiments in Winnetka, Illinois, 100 years ago, 但这并不是什么新观念，在100年前的伊利诺伊州，温内特卡市就有这样的实践：

where they did mastery-based learning and saw great results, 他们尝试了这种以掌握为目的的教学，成果很显著，

but they said it wouldn't scale because it was logistically difficult. 但是他们表示很难大面积推广，毕竟可行性太低了。

The teacher had to give different worksheets to every student, give on-demand assessments⁹. 老师要给每个学生不同的试题，视情况打分。

But now today, it's no longer impractical. We have the tools to do it. 但如今，这已经不再是空想了。我们有了辅助工具。

Students see an explanation at their own time and pace? There's on-demand video for that. 学生可以通过看分类视频，按照自己的进度去寻找解答。

They need practice? They need feedback? There's adaptive exercises readily available for students. 他们需要练习吗？需要反馈吗？学生很容易就能进行适应性练习。

1 constraining   

强迫( constrain的现在分词 )； 强使； 限制； 约束

参考例句：

• He was constraining his mind not to wander from the task. 他克制着不让思想在工作时开小差。
• The most constraining resource in all of these cases is venture capital. 在所有这些情况下最受限制的资源便是投入资本。

2 fixed   

adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的

参考例句：

• Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
• Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

3 exponents   

n.倡导者( exponent的名词复数 )；说明者；指数；能手

参考例句：

• Its tendency to archaic language was tempered by the indolence of its exponents. 它的应用古语的趋势却被用语者的懒散所冲淡。 来自辞典例句
• The exponents of this trend are trying to lead us towards capitalism. 这股思潮的代表人物是要把我们引导到资本主义方向上去。 来自互联网

4 DNA   

(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸

参考例句：

• DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
• Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。

5 grit   

n.沙粒，决心，勇气；v.下定决心，咬紧牙关

参考例句：

• The soldiers showed that they had plenty of grit. 士兵们表现得很有勇气。
• I've got some grit in my shoe.我的鞋子里弄进了一些砂子。

6 perseverance   

n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠

参考例句：

• It may take some perseverance to find the right people.要找到合适的人也许需要有点锲而不舍的精神。
• Perseverance leads to success.有恒心就能胜利。

7 philosophically   

adv.哲学上；富有哲理性地；贤明地；冷静地

参考例句：

• He added philosophically that one should adapt oneself to the changed conditions. 他富于哲理地补充说，一个人应该适应变化了的情况。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Harry took his rejection philosophically. 哈里达观地看待自己被拒的事。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 impractical   

adj.不现实的，不实用的，不切实际的

参考例句：

• He was hopelessly impractical when it came to planning new projects.一到规划新项目，他就完全没有了实际操作的能力。
• An entirely rigid system is impractical.一套完全死板的体制是不实际的。

9 assessments   

n.评估( assessment的名词复数 )；评价；（应偿付金额的）估定；（为征税对财产所作的）估价

参考例句：

• He was shrewd in his personal assessments. 他总能对人作出精明的评价。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Surveys show about two-thirds use such assessments, while half employ personality tests. 调查表明，约有三分之二的公司采用了这种测评；而一半的公司则采用工作人员个人品质测试。 来自百科语句