TED演讲:我们能够避免老化(6)

 　　This list is just for illustration; it is incomplete.  这个列表仅仅是一个例子，它是不完整的。

　　The list on the right is also incomplete.  右边的列表也一样不完整。

　　It's a list of types of pathology that are age-related,  它们只是一种与年龄

　　and it's just an incomplete list.  有关的病的列表。

　　But I would like to claim to you that this list in the middle is actually complete --  但这中间的我主张是完整的列表，

　　this is the list of types of thing that qualify as damage,  所有代谢副作用有资格被称为“损害”，

　　side effects of metabolism¹ that cause pathology in the end,  最终会导致病理

　　or that might cause pathology.  或可能造成病理类型。

　　And there are only seven of them.  而这列表只有七个。

　　They're categories of things, of course, but there's only seven of them.  当然，这七个是类别，但只有七个。

　　Cell loss, mutations in chromosomes², mutations in the mitochondria and so on.  细胞损失，染色体突变，在线粒体基因突变等。

　　First of all, I'd like to give you an argument for why that list is complete.  首先，我想给你们解释一个为什么我认为这份列表是完全的。

　　Of course one can make a biological argument.  当然，我们可以使用生物学的角度来争论。

　　One can say, "OK, what are we made of?"  可以说，好，我们是什么做的？

　　We're made of cells and stuff between cells.  我们是由细胞和细胞间的东西。

　　What can damage accumulate in?  “损害”可以累积在那里？

　　The answer is: long-lived molecules³,  答案是，长期存在的分子里，

　　because if a short-lived molecule⁴ undergoes damage, but then the molecule is destroyed --  因为如果一个短暂寿命的分子遭到破坏，它将会在寿命完了后被销毁 –

　　like by a protein being destroyed by proteolysis -- then the damage is gone, too.  就像蛋白质被水解摧毁，累积的损害也一起被销毁了。

　　It's got to be long-lived molecules.  所以“损害”累积的地方一定是很长寿命的分子里。

　　So, these seven things were all under discussion in gerontology a long time ago  因此，这七个东西，都是由老年学士很久以前就讨论过了。

　　and that is pretty good news, because it means that,  这是相当好的消息，因为这意味着，

　　you know, we've come a long way in biology in these 20 years,  尽管我们在这二十年里对生物学有着很大的成就，

　　so the fact that we haven't extended this list  这份列表还只有七样东西是一个非常好的迹象，

　　is a pretty good indication that there's no extension to be done.  因为它显示它已不可再增加了。

　　However, it's better than that; we actually know how to fix them all,  这个消息比你们想象的更好，

　　in mice, in principle -- and what I mean by in principle is,  因为我们在原则上知道如何在老鼠里解决所有这些七样东西，我所谓的原则指的是，

　　we probably can actually implement⁵ these fixes within a decade.  我们或许可以真正实现在十年内这些修复治疗。

　　Some of them are partially⁶ implemented⁷ already, the ones at the top.  其中有些部分已经落实了，尤其是在顶部的。

　　I haven't got time to go through them at all, but  我没有时间一个一个的解释，

　　my conclusion is that, if we can actually get suitable funding for this,  但我的结论是，如果我们能够得到适合的资金，

　　then we can probably develop robust⁸ mouse rejuvenation⁹ in only 10 years,  那么我们或许可以在只有十年内成功发展强健的大规模人类再生，

　　but we do need to get serious about it.  但我们确实需要认真想想它。

　　We do need to really start trying.  我们需要真正开始尝试。

　　So of course, there are some biologists in the audience,  对于观众里的生物学家，

　　and I want to give some answers to some of the questions that you may have.  你们可能有一些问题，我会回答你们。

　　You may have been dissatisfied with this talk,  你可能对这个讲座有些不满，

　　but fundamentally you have to go and read this stuff.  但你必须去阅读这些内容，

　　I've published a great deal on this;  我已经刊登了对老化很多的资料；

　　I cite the experimental work on which my optimism is based,  而且我就凭着这些研究为基础对人类老化治疗科技持乐观态度，

　　and there's quite a lot of detail there.  里头的细节还有很多。

　　The detail is what makes me confident  这些细节使我对我在这里预测的

　　of my rather aggressive time frames that I'm predicting here.  相当挑战性的时间表更加有信心。

　　So if you think that I'm wrong,  如果你觉得我错了，

　　you'd better damn well go and find out why you think I'm wrong.  我希望你能看了这些资料以及研究报考后再来解释为什么你认为我是错的。

　　And of course the main thing is that you shouldn't trust people  最主要的是你不应该相信

　　who call themselves gerontologists because,  自称是老年医学的人，

　　as with any radical¹⁰ departure from previous thinking within a particular field,  因为在任何领域里

　　you know, you expect people in the mainstream¹¹ to be a bit resistant  如果有激进的思想变化，主流的人一定有点抵抗

　　and not really to take it seriously.  而且不认真的对待它。

　　So, you know, you've got to actually do your homework,  所以，你必须真正做好准备工作，

　　in order to understand whether this is true.  才能了解这是否属实。

　　And we'll just end with a few things.  我们在结束前就讲讲几件事。

　　One thing is, you know, you'll be hearing from a guy in the next session  有一件事就是，你将会在下届会议听一个家伙说起以前，

　　who said some time ago that he could sequence the human genome in half no time,  当他说他可以测序人类基因组时，人们是怎么的回答他。

　　and everyone said, "Well, it's obviously impossible."  每个人都说：“这是不可能的。”

　　And you know what happened.  可是你也知道，

　　So, you know, this does happen.  这确实发生了。

　　We have various strategies -- there's the Methuselah Mouse Prize,  我们有不同的策略，有玛士撒拉奖，

　　which is basically an incentive¹² to innovate,  这基本上是一个鼓励创新，

　　and to do what you think is going to work,  做你认为是可行的，

　　and you get money for it if you win.  如果成功的话，你就可以赢钱。

　　There's a proposal to actually put together an institute.  还有一个计划建议组织一个机构，

　　This is what's going to take a bit of money.  可是这将会需要点钱。

　　But, I mean, look -- how long does it take to spend that on the war in Iraq?  我的意思是，你看我们在伊拉克战争上耗这么久浪费了多少钱？

　　Not very long. OK.  不会再久吧。好吧。

1 metabolism   

n.新陈代谢

参考例句：

• After years of dieting,Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack.经过数年的节食，卡罗尔的新陈代谢完全紊乱了。
• All living matter undergoes a process of metabolism.生物都有新陈代谢。

2 chromosomes   

n.染色体( chromosome的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Chromosomes also determine the sex of animals. 染色体也决定动物的性别。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Each of four chromosomes divide longitudinally. 四种染色体的每一种都沿着纵向分裂。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

3 molecules   

分子( molecule的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

4 molecule   

n.分子，克分子

参考例句：

• A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈̬f婘̬ 妈̬成的。
• This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。

5 implement   

n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行

参考例句：

• Don't undertake a project unless you can implement it.不要承担一项计划，除非你能完成这项计划。
• The best implement for digging a garden is a spade.在花园里挖土的最好工具是铁锹。

6 partially   

adv.部分地，从某些方面讲

参考例句：

• The door was partially concealed by the drapes.门有一部分被门帘遮住了。
• The police managed to restore calm and the curfew was partially lifted.警方设法恢复了平静，宵禁部分解除。

7 implemented   

v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革，经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句

8 robust   

adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的

参考例句：

• She is too tall and robust.她个子太高，身体太壮。
• China wants to keep growth robust to reduce poverty and avoid job losses,AP commented.美联社评论道，中国希望保持经济强势增长，以减少贫困和失业状况。

9 rejuvenation   

n. 复原，再生, 更新, 嫩化, 恢复

参考例句：

• Prolonged starvation and aging might lead to rejuvenation of embryogenic potential. 长期的饥饿和衰老可以导致胚胎发生能力的复壮。
• All this signs rejuvenation of agriculture. 所有这些都预示着农业将复苏。

10 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

11 mainstream   

n.（思想或行为的）主流；adj.主流的

参考例句：

• Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion.他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。
• Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment.民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。

12 incentive   

n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机

参考例句：

• Money is still a major incentive in most occupations.在许多职业中，钱仍是主要的鼓励因素。
• He hasn't much incentive to work hard.他没有努力工作的动机。