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The Sound and Style of American English-tape 2
Dr.David Alan Stern
LESSON 1: SEPARATING THE HARD & SOFT VOWELS3
Dr.David Alan Stern
[LANGUAGE NOTE: Second language English speakers form almost any language have at least some trouble separating the hard and soft vowels in each of the following pairs. Speakers from ROMANCE LANGUAGES have particular trouble with the soft forms. Speakers from RUSSIAN and other SLAVIC LANGUAGES and speakers of YIDDISH and HEBREW have more trouble with the hard forms. BUT -- these pairs represent one of the most important pronunciation skills for any second language English speakers.]
Listen closely to the instructions in lesson One of the tape. It will explain how to create the differences between the hard and soft sounds in each of four pairs of vowels. Each of the hard sounds has at least some of the characteristics of a diphthong -- (1) there is more rear-tongue movement, (2) there is a second stage or "echo" on the vowel2, and (3) there is a slight downward pitch glide7. The soft vowel in each pair is short, stays on one pitch, and has little or no movement in the back of the tongue.
SECTION #1: HARD E and SOFT I {Counter #_______}
L1/S1-A: "The Hard E"
Phonetic8 Symbol : [ i ]
COMMON SPELLINGS :
"ee" as in TREE, SEEM, EEL9
"e+consonant+e" as in CONCRETE, SUPREME10, SCENE
"ea" as in MEAT, PEAS, EAN
"y" as in MARY, HAPPILY, ENVY
OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
"ie" as in YIELD, IECES
"ei" as in CEILING
"i" as in SKI, INTRIGUE11, MACHINE
EACH, EVEN, SEE, KEY, GREEN, TREE, HE, SHE, WE, ME, BE, VERY, HAPPY, COUNTRY, SOFTLY, QUICKLY
EEL, MEAL, SEAL, DEAL, APPEAL, REAL, WHEEL
- THE GREEN CAR WENT SPEEDING ON THE FREEWAY.
- SHE WAS HAPPY TO BE EATING CHEESE.
- HE HURT HIS KNEE WHILE SKIING VERY RAPIDLY.
- DON'T TEASE ME; MY MONEY IS REAL.
- I'M VERY SORRY YOU DON'T AGREE WITH ME.
Now here are additional worlds and sentences containing this hard sound which are not recorded on the tape.
each see teach fleece key me
deal equal eager police knee green
agree feed easy unique meal tree
cheat either ego12 ceiling please supreme
free speak be needle freeway eaves
machine tea fee team money Eden
achieve scene keen squeeze enough pieces
yield beat meat stream esteem14 beak15
intrigue need neat jubilee16 fever three
- Please cease to creep through the Garden of Eden.
- Meat and cheese were served under the tree.
- He twisted his knee while skiing fleetly down the peak.
- Steve went to pieces because he was green with envy.
- The speed demon18 careened off the freeway.
- He teased the eager Marine19 with sneezing powder.
- Meat, peas, and beans each provide protein.
- He achieves intrigue by agreeing to speak Japanese.
- She cheated me by dealing20 thirteen threes.
- The reason for ceasing to speak was the parrot's beak.
- Jean and the team serenely21 jumped onto the beam.
L1/S1-B: "THE SOFT I"
Phonetic Symbol : [ I ]
COMMON SPELLINGS:
"i" as in IT, SIT, STILL, IN, SISTER, VISIT, INFANT
OCCASIONAL SPELLING:
"y" as in "symbol" and "typical"
IT, IS, SISTER, VISIT, TIP, BIG, DIFFERENT, IN, INSIDE, INTEREST, HINT, HIMSELF, WINTER
ILL, SILK, HILL, BILL, FILL, UNTIL, PILL
- GO INSIDE AND SIT STILL.
- THIS WINTER WILL BE DIFFERENT.
- BILL VISITED HIS RICH SISTER.
- PICK HIM UP ON FIFTH AVENUE.
- WE LIFTED THE INFANT OUT OF HIS CRIB.
Now, here are additional word and sentence drills for this vowel which are not recorded on the tape.
inside mill pick physical wind city
still hill cymbals22 witty23 ill sister
flip24 exhibit disappear zipper25 income lift
history linen26 winter hint different mistake
assist rich interest pyramid brittle27 exhibit
pitch infant invisible quiver big live
will trip lick crib visit tickle28
- Winter differs incredibly in its impact on individuals.
- The inspector29 charged interest on Wilma's income tax.
- The clinician instantly investigated the infant's itch6.
- Sit inside the pavilion instead of in the sun.
- The chicken committed itself to the interest of dinner.
- I intend to split the pit in the middle of the cherry.
- I instantly intended to imply that you were ignorant.
- The infant twitched31 and gripped the crib.
- Inspector Smith hinted at mistakes in the investigation32.
- Jill will tickle her big sister immediately.
- Pick him up at the liquor store on Fifth Street.
L1/S1-C: CONTRASTING "HARD E" and "SOFT I"
In this "contrast" section, for this and the three other pairs, I will put hard brackets [ ] around the hard vowel and soft brackets { } around the soft vowel.
-- S{I}T {I}N THAT S[EA]T BY THE W{I}NDOW.
-- SH[E] BROKE HER H[EE]L WHILE CLIMBING THE H{I}LL.
-- THE T[EA]M GR{I}NNED AFTER S[EE]ING THE GR[EE]N F[IE]LD.
Now, here are additional word drills for this vowel contrast which are not recorded on the tape.
[ ] { } [ ] { }
seep33 sip34 peak pick
heel hill keel kill
meal mill Neal nil35
real rill wheel will
feel fill eel ill
peel pill seal sill
leap lip cheap chip
SECTION #2: "HARD A" and "SOFT E" {Counter #.............}
L1/S2-A: The "HARD A"
Phonetic Symbol: [ ei ]
COMMON SPELLINGS:
"a+consonant+e" as in TAKE, SAGE36
"ei" as in WEIGH, NEIGHBOR
"ay" as in MAY, DAY, WAY
"ai" as in AIM, AID, FAIL, MAIL
OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
"a" as in AVIATOR37, APRIL
"ei" as in EIGHT
[LANGUAGE NOTE: More than any other vowel in human speech, the hard A is susceptible38 to upward gliding39 lilt. This is especially true for speakers of Hungarian, Finnish, Polish, and many of the languages of Africa and the Asian sub-continent. Do not permit this diphthong to slide up in pitch. ]
AIM, DAY, SAY
ALE, MALE, SAIL
- TODAY'S DATE IS APRIL THE EIGHTH.
- THE FREIGHT TRAIN TRAVELED AWAY FROM THE STATION.
- STAY AWAY FROM THE TRAIL WHEN IT IS RAINING.
Now, here are additional word and sentence drills for this hard vowel which are not recorded on the tape.
weight player neighbor aviator frame ale
chased face instigate41 ailing42 haze43 ate
rainfall maybe fail freight lake ace40
display wayward male April jade44 ape
fateful fray45 inflame46 Kate labor47 base
baby haste blamed trail mail lace
take age dame48 jailer nasal aim
great safety failure Macy's nation page
came fate mistake whale plague sage
- A great April shower came our way today.
- They paid the price for delaying the instant replay.
- The ailing aviator chased the victory for its own sake.
- They blamed the dame with the famous face.
- The able often stray in this fateful age.
- Make haste; delay may instigate a fray.
- Statesmen hasten to awaken49 the nation these days.
- I may portray50 Dorian gray on the stage in a play.
- Nathan felt the weight of the fateful delay in rainfall.
- My real estate agent has a gabled house on three acres.
- Eight whales sprayed water as they came safely away.
L1/S2-B: THE "SOFT E"
Phonetic Symbol: [ e ]
COMMON SPELLINGS:
"e" as in TWENTY, ENTER, SELL
OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
"ea" as in SPREAD, SWEAT "ai" as in SAID
"a" as in ANY, MANY "ie" as in FRIEND
GET, READY, AGAIN, EVERY, ENEMY, FRIEND, BED, GET, READY, TEN, SENT
SELL, WELL, BELL, TELL
- MY FRIEND IS RESTING IN BED.
- ED SENT TEN LETTERS TO THE ENEMY.
- GET THE ROOM READY BEFORE THE DEADLINE.
- THE SENATOR MEANT EVERYTHING HE SAID YESTERDAY.
- THE GENERAL SLEPT IN HIS HEADQUARTERS.
Now, here are additional word and sentence drills for this soft vowel which are not recorded on the tape.
twenty embrace semester fence red nest
enter tenth emulate51 friend Ben get
effort fresh deadline left Ken30 legs
net center federal mental Ted17 bed
men celebrate tender wreck52 gem53 stem
when memory shelf spread jet ebb54
render mentor55 crescent sweat wet eggs
element western credit election well bent56
century letter dilemma57 intellect sell test
- Ed rented the penthouse at an exorbitant58 price.
- Ten and ten eventually get you twenty.
- I meant every word I said in the elementary section.
- Ben was a general from several sections of Tennessee.
- Don't lose your temper when I enter the room.
- The song was rendered by men who twenty cents.
- He was especially edgy60 after the separation.
- I can't accept this mental dilemma.
- My ex-friend wrecked61 the mended fences.
- Jeff's hot temper tested his self-confidence.
- September seventh was a red-letter day.
L1/S2-C: Contrasting "Hard A" and "Soft E"
-- [EI]GHT M{E}N CAN'T G{E}T THROUGH THE G[A]TE.
- D{E}NNIS IS T[A]KING A T{E}CHNICAL COURSE.
- M{E}L IS A M[AI]L ARRIER.
-- S[AI]L THE BOAT OUT W{E}ST, AND THEN S{E}LL IT.
Now, here are additional word and sentence drills contrasting the two vowels in Pair #2.
{ } [ ] { } [ ] { } [ ]
led laid tread trade Ken cane62
tell tail sell sail Mel mail
bet bait den13 Dane get gate
led laid men main tech take
wes waste shed shade wed63 wade64
bell bail65 hell hail fell fail
SECTION #3: "HARD OO" and "SOFT oo" {Counter #______}
L1/S3-A: THE "HARD OO"
Phonetic symbol: [ u ]
COMMON SPELLINGS:
"oo" as in SMOOTH, SPOON, COOL
"ew" as in BREW4, THREW, SEWER66
"u" as in SUSAN, STUDIO, RUBY67, TRUTH
OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
"o+consonant+e" as in MOVE PROVE
"ui" as in JUICE "ue" as in BLUE, DUE
"o" as in WHO "ou" as in COUPE, TOUPEE68
SMOOTH, SPOON, BOOT, MOON, TRUTH
SCHOOL, COOL, RULE, FOOLISH
- IT'S TRUE THAT THE NEW SCHOOL IS A GLOOMY PLACE.
- HE CLEANS THE STUDIO EVERY TUESDAY AT NOON.
- SHE LIKES THE VIEW OF THE MOON ON JUNE NIGHTS.
- DRINK FRUIT JUICE WHEN YOU HAVE THE FLUE.
- JUDY WAS VERY RUDE TO SUSAN.
Now practice these additional words and sentences for the "Hard OO" vowel which are not recorded on the tape.
spoon prunes69 brew roof
smooth boost flute70 who
sewer moon rumor71 through
blue fruit prove room
coupons72 gloomy true shoe
prove threw truth food
plumage school rude boot
troupe73 ruby pool cool
bloom juicy loose move
- I always knew that prunes grew under the blue moon.
- The gloomy June moon is moving foolishly.
- At two past noon, I heard hooves on the roof.
- It's true that Sue proves school is gloomy.
- Give the student a boost with your boot.
- Rumor has it that raccoons buy fruit with coupons.
- Newman got juiced because Stu threw brew into the soup.
- After his review, the pupil developed a loose screw.
- Judy was rude to Susan.
- The crew brewed74 the stew75 for two hours.
L1/S3-B: THE "SOFT oo"
Phonetic Symbol: [ U ]
COMMON SPELLING:
"oo" as in WOOD, FOOT, TOOK
"u" as in BULLET, FULL, BUSHEL, PUT
OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
"o" as in WOLF, WOMAN
"ou" as in WOULD, COULD, SHOULD
COULD, GOOD, SHOULD, WOODEN, FOOT, GOOD-BYE, WOLF, TOOK, LOOK
PULL, BULL, FULL, BULLET
- HE TOOK A LOOK UNDER THE CAR'S HOOD76.
- THEY PULLED THE WOLF OUT OF THE WOODS.
- THERE ART GOOD BOOKS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD LIBRARY.
- THE BUTCHER'S STEAKS LOOKED REALLY GOOD.
- DR. GOODMAN TOOK A BULLET OUT OF THE MAN'S FOOT.
And some additional drills for this soft vowel:
wooden bullet boulevard could hook
careful bullion77 bully78 nook pull
helpful forsook79 butcher push bush
pulpit boogie booklet wood put
Pullman goodness rookie full foot
ambush80 hooded81 footwear soot82 good
should crook83 woman took book
good-bye sugar brook84 bull wolf
bushel pudding cushion hood good
couldn't wouldn't stood Ludwig look
- We pulled the wolf from the woods to the boulevard.
- The butcher's hook took out the sooty bully.
- Dr. Goodman took the bullet from the rookie's foot.
- Woody stood up wearing cushioned footwear.
- I understood there was a good book in the library.
- Brooks85 was hoodwinked from the pulpit by Mr. Cook.
- Only tourists put bushels of soot in the brook.
- Captain Hook ate a bushel of cookies.
- I couldn't have understood the crook's motives86.
- The Pullman conductor took a look at his ticket book.
L1/S3-C: CONTRASTING "HARD OO" and "SOFT oo"
-- WE P{U}LLED HIM OUT OF THE SWIMMING P[OO]L.
-- HE P{U}T HIS F{OO}T IN THE N[EW] B[OO]T.
-- THE W{O}MAN SAID G{OO}D-BYE TO HER ST[U]DENTS..
-- HE C{OU}LDN'T PR[O]VE THAT THE N[EW]S WAS TR[UE].
And here are some additional contrasts between the hard and soft vowels which aren't recorded on the tape.
[ ] { } [ ] { }
wooed wood cooed could
pool pull fool full
who'd hood shoed should
stewed87 stood Luke look
PAIR #4: "HARD O" "SOFT AW" {Counter #........}
L 1/ S 4-A: "THE "HARD O"
Phonetic symbol: [ ou ]
COMMON SPELLINGS:
"o" as in OVER, OCEAN, NOTION, POLAR, TOMATO
"o+consonat+e" as in WROTE, QUOTE,,SMOKE
" ow" as in ROW, BOWL, GROW
OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
"ew" an in SEW "os " as in SOAK, LOAF
" oe " as in WOEFUL "ough" as in FURLOUGH
GO, HOME, MOTION, OVER, OCEAN, NO, GROW, ECHO, PHONE, NOBODY
GOAL, ROLE, MOLD, COLD
- I HOPE I CAN GO HOME TOMORROW.
- SHE ROWED THE BOAT OVER THE OCEAN.
- HE WROTE HOME HOPING FOR A BIG LOAN.
Now some additional drills for the "Hard O" vowel:
romance notion phone grow loan
lowly co-host oaken legato hope
furlough ghost slowly sew solo
apropos88 grocery ocean window soak
romance dough89 staccato bold loan
photo blown moment loaf row
wrote tomato motion loco flow
polar bloated don't moan over
pathos90 woeful float cone91 echo
- Long ago people slept on the cold earth.
- Slowly the ocean rolled toward the row of homes.
- The oboe and celled sat alone, echoing tone for tone.
- He was bloated after eating a roast and a tomato.
- Of all the folks I know, he is the most hopeful.
- The rowboat slowly floated in the ocean.
- I told Joan that the snow is flown in from Ohio.
- Smoke rolled out the open end of the hotel window
- Joan wrote to Joe, hoping for romance.
- I told the owner of the boat to be bold.
- I took the dough out of the bowl to make the loaf.
L 1/ S 4: "THE "SOFT AW"
Phonetic symbol: [ ?]
COMMON SPELLINGS:
"a (1) " as in WALK ALL MALL
" au" as in SAUCE APPLAUD LAUNDRY CAUSE
" aw" as in AWFUL FLAN JAW93 LAWN
OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
"O" as in CLOTH, OFF, SONG, MOSS94
All, WALK, RAW, OUGHT
APPLAUD, TAUGHT, NAUGHT95, NAUTICAL96, CAUSE, SAUCE
OFTEN, CLOTH, LOST, SALT
- THE TALL AUTHOR PAUSED AND WALKED HOME.
- LEAVES FALL ON THE LAWN VERY OFTEN.
- PAUL ATE SOME REALLY AWFUL SAUCE.
- DON'T WALK OFF WITH SUCH A BAD COUGH.
Now try these extra words and sentences for the "Soft AW" vowel which are not recorded on the tape.
applaud laundry sought naught draw gnaw97
chalk flawless loft98 Walker flaw lawn
coffee shawl tongs99 thought mall awe100
malted bawdy101 strong caught moth102 walk
author mothball wrong brought hall jaw
taught hallway glossy103 bought loft off
vault104 cloth vaulted105 pause long all
cause nautical cough tall lost wall
autisti cought wrought106 laud92 raw stall
- The tall author walked often.
- The awkward, awful, strong man walked home.
- Lost boys often become flawless at reform school.
- Horses often cost more than the monthly draw.
- The dog fought the moth he had brought home.
- He stalked the ball and then vaulted down the hall.
- The awful sauce made Paul pause and then walk away.
- The cat crawled across the lawn with its hurt paw.
- Right or wrong, we applauded the awkward author.
- The cloth in the hall smells of moth balls.
- You taught me to vault flawlessly without falling.
L 1/ S 4-C: CONTRASTING "HARD O" & "SOFT AW"
-- [0]VER {A}LL, CL{0} TH IS BETTER THAN G[0]LD.
-- I S{AW} HIM W{A}LK H[0]ME AL[0]NE.
-- D[0]N'T F{A}LL IN THE [O]CEAN WHILE W{A}LKING ON THE B[OA]T.
Now try these other contrasts between the hard and soft vowel which are not recorded on the tape.
{ } [ ] { } [ ]
loft loafed walk woke
stall stole caught coat
pause pose chalk choke
LESSON 2: MORE DIPHTHONGS AND VOWELS
Dr.David Alan Stern
SECTION I: DIPHTHONGS {Counter #.......}
[LANGUAGE NOTE: Diphthongs (also know as double vowels) are significantly different in American English than in almost any other language or dialect in the world. So it doesn't matter what language you come from, you must learn to produce these sounds with the "quick downward glide" and the rear tongue these sounds with they possess in standard American speech, Practice them here in lesson #2, and go back and review the earlier diphthong lesson in Course # 1, Lesson # 5. Practicing the pronunciations of diphthongs gives you the perfect opportunity to combine pronunciation with the rear-tongue speech impulse that you learned in lesson #1. }
L 2/ S1-A: THE "LONG I" Phonetic Symbol: [ a I ]
COMMON SPELLING:
"i+consonant+e" as in LIFE, ADVICE
" y" as in PYLON108, SHY, DRY
"i" as in VIRUS, CRISIS, CHINA
OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS:
"igh" as in HIGH, FIGHT "ai" as in AISLE109
I'M, FINE, ARRIVE, CLIMB, TRIAL
Here are more words and sentences for this diphthong which aren't recorded on the tape.
erudite pylon shiner aisle lice high
appetite polite while Eliza flie icy
skylight crucify sideline fight icon110 eye
baptize identity slicing crime idle die
concise111 twilight112 crisis crime Nile dry
advice briny113 dried right fire side
thrice China virus night rye ride
pyrite myopic114 spicy115 light shy time
pliers pliable116 style bright cry life
- It's the right time to find a gold mine in the sky.
- I transcribed117 five dialogues, but I don't know why.
- The sight of dry land was exciting for Ira.
- A life of violent crime is a sign of t he times.
- Eliza was the pride of the science fair.
- Fried pike is sliced for Friday night's supper.
- Ivy118 vines are tied down behind the shutters119.
- My guide and I had a fine time on the Nile.
- Please recite ironic120 rhymes of an iambic kind.
- Blind justice presided at the indictment121.
- Dried spice is likely to be appetizing.
L 2/ S1-B: THE "AH-OO"
Phonetic Symbol: [ a u ]
COMMON SPELLINGS:
"ou" as in POUND, LOUD, OUT, MOUND122, POUCH123
" ow" as in COWARD, CROWN, WOW, COW, SHOWER
HOUR, OUT, SOUND, CROWN, TOWN
Now here are lots more words and sentences for this diphthong which are not recorded on the tape:
coward carouse124 crowd mouse count down
powder confound crown douse125 round town
pouch flounder cloud louse flower out
amount abound126 shroud127 hound proud cow
denounce profound trowel mound about bow
ounce allowed dowel pound bound now
pronoun round towel around foul128 how
mountain brown trounce house rout129 wow
south shower pounce130 doubt oust131 lout132
- The loudest hound in town bow-wowed at the mouse.
- The lout proudly scowled133 at those in the household.
- The coward found a trowel and plowed134 into the mound.
- I doubt t hat the louse will pound down the flowers.
- The crowd loudly prowled the streets of the town.
- The cow was doused135 by a shower out of the cloud.
- I found that I had gained about a pound.
- He counted the hours and vowed136 to get out of the house.
- The sow, the mouse and the cow sounded a rousing song.
- Wild flowers abound in out-of-the-way mountains.
L 2/ S1-C: THE "AW-EE" Phonetic Symbol:
COMMON SPELLINGS:
"oy" as in FOYER, JOYCE, OYSTER137,
"oi" as in SPOIL, VOID, NOISE
OYSTER, OIL, SOIL, MOISTURE, ANNOYED, JOYFUL138, SOYBEAN
And here are still more words and sentences for this diphthong which aren't recorded on the tape.
foyer despoil139 moisture ointment140 ploy141 Roy
Joyce Boise cloister142 oyster poi joy
rejoice buoyancy hoist143 choice coin Troy
foible broil144 annoy exploit coy boy
recoil145 asteroid147 soy sauce enjoy coil join
goiter appoint soybean royal toil148 soy
poise149 avoid Lloyd loyal foil oink
vice107 voyeur150 pointed151 noise loin oily
devoid152 anoint doily poignant153 oil soil
- The boy joined in the noise.
- Loyal Lloyd anointed the royal head with oil.
- Boyle put soy sauce on the boiled oysters154.
- He coiled around the moist cloister pillars.
- He toiled155 to hoist the soybeans from the soil.
- The boisterous156 boy oiled the noisy toy.
- He foiled the exploits of those who were loitering.
- Ointment is the best choice for your aching joints157.
- Joyce's poignant remark annoyed Roy Foy.
- The noisy boy lost his voice while rejoicing.
- The royalty158 exploited their loyal subjects.
The following are sentences containing all of the diphthongs. Use the proper technique as you repeat them after they are modeled on the tape.
- I GET AROUND THE TOWN QUITE WELL.
- THE BOY CAN'T FIND HIS LOUD TOY.
- HE WAS ANNOYED BY THE LOUD SOUNDS OF THE NIGHT.
- THE SIGN HE PAINTED WAS MOIST AFTER THE AWFUL RAIN SHOWER
SECTION II: SINGLE VOWELS {Counter #.........}
L 2/ S2: THE "UH" Phonetic Symbol: [ ?]
[LANGUAGE NOTE: As you already learned in Course # 1, Lesson #1, this vowel simply doesn't exist in most of the world's languages, Following the instructions on the tape for producing this sound regardless of what language you first spoke159.]
COMMON SPELLING: "u" as in UNDER, STUBBORN, HUT, US "o" as in MOTHER, LOVE, COME, OF
OCCASIONAL SPELLINGS: " ou" as in SOUTHERN " oo" as in BLOOD " as " as in ABOVE
UNDER, MOTHER, LOVE, HUNT, SUCH
- RUN UP TO YOUR BROTHER'S HUNTING.
- THE DOVE FLEW UP ABOVE THE CLOUDS.
- HIS MOTHER COOKED SUPPER, BUT NOTHING COULD COMFORT HER SON.
And now more drills for this vowel which aren't recorded on the tape.
stubborn exult160 hunter Ulster rush nun5
stucco deluxe161 trouble cover hush162 hut
struggle discuss wonder alone hull163 cut
study brush lunch crush come bus
stump164 brunt upper chuck bunk165 us
ruffle166 budget nothing above bump some
rummage167 abduct168 unused slumber169 club of
glutton170 mumble171 until slush dump up
- This stuntman172 stumbles and tumbles in the mud.
- A mother's love is above that of another
- Some suds from the supper dishes were in a dull puddle173.
- The puppy covered up the other couple's lunch.
- The blood under the bud vase was trouble for Gus.
- The drunk number something into his cup.
- At an upper crust brunch174 one must wear gloves.
- The drunk mumbled175 something into his cup.
- The dumb puppet crust brunch one must wear gloves.
- Southern hunters used clubs and lived in huts.
- The glutton lunged for the crumbs176 of the crusty buns.
L 2/ S2-B: THE "SHORT A" Phonetic Symbol: [ ?]
[LANGUAGE NOTE: As you learned in Course # 1, this is another vowels which doesn't exist in most of the world's languages, Follow the instructions on the tape for producing this sound regardless of what language you first spoke. ]
COMMON SPELLINGS:
This vowel is almost always spelled
with the letter "a" as in:
HAND, AT, BACK, FABRIC177
SAD, MAD, CAT, GRASS, BAT, TRACK, MAN, DANCE
- I HAD TO HAVE A MATCH AFTER THE CANDLE WENT OUT.
- IT'S NATURAL FOR JACK178 TO BAT ONE-HANDED.
- STAN AND JOANNE ARE STANDING179 IN THE BACK OF THE BANK.
AFTER, GRANT, FRANCE, EXAMPLE, DRAFT, CRAFT, COMMAND
Now more practice on this vowel with drills you will not hear on the tape:
after passage adding rammed180 man Sam
basket baggage halfway181 anthill ask path
castle trap passed command as mass
France alcove182 bashful disaster aft rank
answer ample accept master Pam tank
soprano snack lamps absolute wax bank
laugh apples anthem183 ambulance lad Alps
shatter annual handsome frank hand bass184
glass admiral sandwich fabric bath math
- The soprano laughed as she shattered the glass.
- The passengers and baggage were trapped in the alcove.
- Pam made an ample snack of the wax apples.
- Lady Aster146 handed the annual to the wax apples.
- Ask any bashful man in Alabama and accept his answer.
- The huddled185 masses sang the National Anthem.
- Let's have a lamb and ham sandwich.
- Sam rammed the flag into the anthill.
- During the disaster the master commanded the castle.
- The staff had a rash of bad habits.
L 2/ S2: "SHORT O" as "AH" Phonetic Symbol: [ a ]
LANGUAGE NOTE: Even though the AH-vowel does exist in almost all of the world's language, it is usually not spelled with the letter "o" So, everyone, regardless of first language group, should practice not rounding this Short-O. ]
COMMON SPELLING:
"o" as in ROCK, OXYGEN, FOX, ON, POCKET
OCCASIONAL SPELLING:
" a " as in WHAT, WANT, WATCH, CALM, SWAMP, FATHER
ON, HOT, HONEST, GOD, LOCK, POSITIVE, OCCUPY
- PLEASE RESPOND HONESTLY AND CONFIDENTLY.
- I HAVEN'T GOTTEN ANY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE NEW CONTEST.
- THE ROCKS AND THE LOGS ARE ON ROOF OF THE COTTAGE.
- HE WAS POSITIVE ABOUT THE HONOR OF GOD.
WHAT, WANT, WATCH, WASH, FATHER, CALM, SWAMP, SPA
- MY FATHER WANTED TO GO TO THE SPA.
- WHICH CLOTHES DO YOU WANT TO WASH TONIGHT?
- HE WALKED INTO THE SWAMP VERY CALMLY.
Now practice this vowel on these extra drills which aren't recorded on the tape
rock response lock jalopy
opera honor golf jonquil
obstinate186 oxygen locksmith common
odd opposite confidence almond
on obvious obelisk187 fox
bog188 occupy monogamy plot
pocket knock gondola189 Adonis
stop sock plotted positive
option obligate grotto190 constitute
spa aqua calm swamp
Utah balmy father want
- He occupied the gondola of the golf cart.
- The rocket short toward the opposite air lock
- The obstinate opera singer was preoccupied191.
- Becket was positive about the honor of God.
- Move the fox from the rocks to the bog.
- He was confident about giving an obstinate response.
- The frog got groggy192 and hopped193 away.
- Anonymous194 l letters commonly dishonor Adonis.
- Oxygen is commonly found in air pockets.
- The rock grotto was obviously on final option.
- I'm obligated to respond with fondest acknowledgments.
LESSON 3: R - SHADED VOWELS
Dr.David Alan Stern
[LANGUAGE NOTE: Many language groups such as SPANISH, ITALIAN, PORTUGUESE195 (European) , and RUSSIAN roll or trill the R-sounds with the front of the tongue. Others, such as FRENCH, HEBREW, GERMAN, and PORTUGUESE (Brazil) produce a throaty R-Shading, or, in the case of JAPANESE, CHINESE and other East Asian speakers, move it toward the sound of the L. American-style R-Shadings (as well as initial R-Sounds) must be practiced by speaker from all first language groups.
Follow the instructions on the tape for creating the American-style R-Shading when the letter 'R" comes after a vowel, Then repeat the following words and sentences which are recorded on the tape.
{Counter #........}
As in CAR, HERE, FOR, CARE
CAR, STAR, FAR, TAR59, PAR1, BAR, CARD, START
MOTHER, SISTER, HELPER, SUMMER,, WINTER, DANCER, PLAYER
EARTH, CURSED, THIRSTY, FIRST, GERMAN, VERB, WORD, WORM,
SHORE, MORE, CORE, EXPLORING, BORING, CORD
EAR, CHEER, APPEARED, SINCERE, CAREER, BEER
SURE, POOR, SECURE, ENDURE, JURY
AIR, PAIR, STAIRS, CARE, WEAR, FAIRLY, PREPARE
- MY MOTHER AND FATHER WENT HERE AND THERE.
- MY BROTHER HAD A HARD TIME FINDING WORK.
- DON'T YOU CARE ABOUT THE POOR WORKERS?
- THE FOREMAN OF THE JURY WAS A SINCERE LEADER.
- ME. JONES HAD A BEER PARTY EVERY SUMMER.
Now here are many additional words and sentences containing R-shaded vowels. The following drills are not included in the taped instruction.
runner brother father worker singer
player sister later master dancer
helper mother letter neither reader
lighter196 weaker nicer carrier writer
- The burglar and his helper stirred up such a clamor.
- My mother, my father, my sister and brother thank you.
- The runner staggered over the hill.
- Either was a good talker, but she never wrote letters.
- This summer went faster and further than last.
earth earnest first search perfect Herb
cursed worst hurdle197 early worst serve
thirst worm word German curve verb
- Herman was the first to win thirty games.
- The German hurdler was the scourge198 of the early games.
- Carl and Marni formed an artful partnership199.
- Park the car in Harvard Yard.
- The two sergeants200 are college archery partners.
- Are all the place guards qualified201 marksmen?
- Arthur charged out of the arbor202 unharmed.
four door more pour orphan203 support
shore before explore ignore Orville implore204
core nor sore fortune score shores
- Fourteen bored sportsmen adorned205 the shore.
- Forty gory206 creatures poured through the French doors.
- The spores207 were found in the core of the ornament208.
- The Concord209 poured forth210 exhaust causing sore throats.
- More and more support came forth for the orphans211' party.
hair barely dare everywhere lair212
pear fair careful prepare scare
rare air there stairs care
wear impair213 blare repair aware
- An air of excitement rarely blares down the stairs.
- Where did the polar bear go?
- Pay your fare, then tell the driver where to go.
- The flu scare was hard to bear.
- Where can I get my hair cut very carefully?
jeer214 clear queer appear peer sincere
weird215 sincere near cheer rear career
steer216 here spear deer beer tears
- Never fear, the wheel to steer is near the gear shift.
- The earring217 fell clear of the nearby pool.
- Be sincere my dear; it's a queer world.
- I'm sincere about wanting the deer to appear this year.
- A key of beer appeared near the rear window.
you're tour insure poor Iure
allure218 sure secure jury azure219
endure cure moor220 velour contour
- You're sure you can endure the long tour?
- Poor hunters offer no allure to sure
-shots.
- Insurance is a poor risk on guided tours.
- The cure for polio makes Salk's name endure.
- I'm secure that Mr. Moore will endure.
收听单词发音 |
1
par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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2
vowel
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| n.元音；元音字母 | |
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3
vowels
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| n.元音，元音字母( vowel的名词复数 ) | |
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4
brew
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| v.酿造，调制 | |
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nun
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| n.修女，尼姑 | |
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6
itch
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| n.痒，渴望，疥癣；vi.发痒，渴望 | |
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7
glide
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| n./v.溜，滑行；(时间)消逝 | |
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phonetic
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| adj.语言的，语言上的，表示语音的 | |
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9
eel
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| n.鳗鲡 | |
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10
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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11
intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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12
ego
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| n.自我，自己，自尊 | |
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13
den
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| n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室 | |
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14
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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15
beak
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| n.鸟嘴，茶壶嘴，钩形鼻 | |
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16
jubilee
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| n.周年纪念；欢乐 | |
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17
ted
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| vt.翻晒，撒，撒开 | |
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18
demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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19
marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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20
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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21
serenely
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| adv.安详地，宁静地，平静地 | |
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22
cymbals
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| pl.铙钹 | |
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23
witty
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| adj.机智的，风趣的 | |
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24
flip
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| vt.快速翻动；轻抛；轻拍；n.轻抛；adj.轻浮的 | |
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25
zipper
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| n.拉链；v.拉上拉链 | |
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26
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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27
brittle
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| adj.易碎的；脆弱的；冷淡的；(声音)尖利的 | |
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28
tickle
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| v.搔痒，胳肢；使高兴；发痒；n.搔痒，发痒 | |
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29
inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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30
ken
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| n.视野，知识领域 | |
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31
twitched
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| vt.& vi.（使）抽动，（使）颤动（twitch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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32
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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33
seep
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| v.渗出，渗漏；n.渗漏，小泉，水（油）坑 | |
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34
sip
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| v.小口地喝，抿，呷；n.一小口的量 | |
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35
nil
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| n.无，全无，零 | |
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36
sage
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| n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的 | |
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37
aviator
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| n.飞行家，飞行员 | |
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38
susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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39
gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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40
ace
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| n.A牌；发球得分；佼佼者；adj.杰出的 | |
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41
instigate
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| v.教唆，怂恿，煽动 | |
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42
ailing
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| v.生病 | |
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43
haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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44
jade
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| n.玉石；碧玉；翡翠 | |
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45
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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46
inflame
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| v.使燃烧；使极度激动；使发炎 | |
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47
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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48
dame
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| n.女士 | |
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49
awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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50
portray
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| v.描写，描述；画(人物、景象等) | |
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51
emulate
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| v.努力赶上或超越，与…竞争；效仿 | |
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52
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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53
gem
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| n.宝石，珠宝；受爱戴的人 [同]jewel | |
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54
ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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55
mentor
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| n.指导者，良师益友；v.指导 | |
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56
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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57
dilemma
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| n.困境，进退两难的局面 | |
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58
exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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59
tar
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| n.柏油，焦油；vt.涂或浇柏油/焦油于 | |
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60
edgy
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| adj.不安的；易怒的 | |
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61
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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62
cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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63
wed
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| v.娶，嫁，与…结婚 | |
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64
wade
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| v.跋涉，涉水；n.跋涉 | |
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65
bail
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| v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人 | |
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66
sewer
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| n.排水沟，下水道 | |
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67
ruby
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| n.红宝石，红宝石色 | |
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68
toupee
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| n.假发 | |
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69
prunes
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| n.西梅脯，西梅干( prune的名词复数 )v.修剪（树木等）( prune的第三人称单数 )；精简某事物，除去某事物多余的部分 | |
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70
flute
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| n.长笛；v.吹笛 | |
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71
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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72
coupons
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| n.礼券( coupon的名词复数 )；优惠券；订货单；参赛表 | |
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73
troupe
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| n.剧团，戏班；杂技团；马戏团 | |
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74
brewed
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| 调制( brew的过去式和过去分词 )； 酝酿； 沏（茶）； 煮（咖啡） | |
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75
stew
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| n.炖汤，焖，烦恼；v.炖汤，焖，忧虑 | |
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76
hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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77
bullion
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| n.金条，银条 | |
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78
bully
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| n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓；vt.威胁，欺侮 | |
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79
forsook
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| forsake的过去式 | |
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80
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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81
hooded
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| adj.戴头巾的；有罩盖的；颈部因肋骨运动而膨胀的 | |
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82
soot
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| n.煤烟，烟尘；vt.熏以煤烟 | |
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83
crook
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| v.使弯曲；n.小偷，骗子，贼；弯曲(处) | |
参考例句： |
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84
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
参考例句： |
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85
brooks
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| n.小溪( brook的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
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86
motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
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87
stewed
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| adj.焦虑不安的，烂醉的v.炖( stew的过去式和过去分词 )；煨；思考；担忧 | |
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88
apropos
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| adv.恰好地；adj.恰当的；关于 | |
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89
dough
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| n.生面团；钱，现款 | |
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90
pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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91
cone
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| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
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92
laud
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| n.颂歌；v.赞美 | |
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93
jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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94
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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95
naught
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| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
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96
nautical
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| adj.海上的，航海的，船员的 | |
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97
gnaw
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| v.不断地啃、咬；使苦恼，折磨 | |
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98
loft
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| n.阁楼，顶楼 | |
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99
tongs
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| n.钳；夹子 | |
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100
awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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101
bawdy
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| adj.淫猥的，下流的；n.粗话 | |
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102
moth
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| n.蛾，蛀虫 | |
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103
glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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104
vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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105
vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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106
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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107
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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108
pylon
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| n.高压电线架，桥塔 | |
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109
aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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110
icon
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| n.偶像，崇拜的对象，画像 | |
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111
concise
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| adj.简洁的，简明的 | |
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112
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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113
briny
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| adj.盐水的；很咸的；n.海洋 | |
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114
myopic
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| adj.目光短浅的，缺乏远见的 | |
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115
spicy
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| adj.加香料的；辛辣的，有风味的 | |
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116
pliable
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| adj.易受影响的；易弯的；柔顺的，易驾驭的 | |
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117
transcribed
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| （用不同的录音手段）转录( transcribe的过去式和过去分词 )； 改编（乐曲）（以适应他种乐器或声部）； 抄写； 用音标标出（声音） | |
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118
ivy
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| n.常青藤，常春藤 | |
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119
shutters
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| 百叶窗( shutter的名词复数 )； （照相机的）快门 | |
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120
ironic
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| adj.讽刺的，有讽刺意味的，出乎意料的 | |
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121
indictment
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| n.起诉；诉状 | |
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122
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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123
pouch
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| n.小袋，小包，囊状袋；vt.装...入袋中，用袋运输；vi.用袋送信件 | |
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124
carouse
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| v.狂欢；痛饮；n.狂饮的宴会 | |
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125
douse
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| v.把…浸入水中，用水泼；n.泼洒 | |
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126
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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127
shroud
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| n.裹尸布，寿衣；罩，幕；vt.覆盖，隐藏 | |
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128
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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129
rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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130
pounce
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| n.猛扑；v.猛扑，突然袭击，欣然同意 | |
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131
oust
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| vt.剥夺，取代，驱逐 | |
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132
lout
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| n.粗鄙的人；举止粗鲁的人 | |
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133
scowled
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| 怒视，生气地皱眉( scowl的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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134
plowed
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| v.耕( plow的过去式和过去分词 )；犁耕；费力穿过 | |
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135
doused
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| v.浇水在…上( douse的过去式和过去分词 )；熄灯[火] | |
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136
vowed
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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137
oyster
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| n.牡蛎；沉默寡言的人 | |
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138
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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139
despoil
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| v.夺取，抢夺 | |
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140
ointment
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| n.药膏，油膏，软膏 | |
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141
ploy
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| n.花招，手段 | |
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142
cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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143
hoist
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| n.升高，起重机，推动；v.升起，升高，举起 | |
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144
broil
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| v.烤，烧，争吵，怒骂；n.烤，烧，争吵，怒骂 | |
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145
recoil
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| vi.退却，退缩，畏缩 | |
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146
aster
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| n.紫菀属植物 | |
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147
asteroid
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| n.小行星；海盘车(动物) | |
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148
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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149
poise
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| vt./vi. 平衡，保持平衡；n.泰然自若，自信 | |
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150
voyeur
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| n.窥淫狂者，窥隐私者 | |
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151
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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152
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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153
poignant
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| adj.令人痛苦的，辛酸的，惨痛的 | |
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154
oysters
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| 牡蛎( oyster的名词复数 ) | |
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155
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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156
boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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157
joints
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| 接头( joint的名词复数 )； 关节； 公共场所（尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所） （非正式）； 一块烤肉 （英式英语） | |
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158
royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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159
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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160
exult
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| v.狂喜，欢腾；欢欣鼓舞 | |
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161
deluxe
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| adj.华美的，豪华的，高级的 | |
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162
hush
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| int.嘘，别出声；n.沉默，静寂；v.使安静 | |
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163
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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164
stump
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| n.残株，烟蒂，讲演台；v.砍断，蹒跚而走 | |
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165
bunk
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| n.(车、船等倚壁而设的)铺位；废话 | |
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166
ruffle
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| v.弄皱，弄乱；激怒，扰乱；n.褶裥饰边 | |
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167
rummage
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| v./n.翻寻，仔细检查 | |
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168
abduct
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| vt.诱拐，拐带，绑架 | |
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169
slumber
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| n.睡眠，沉睡状态 | |
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170
glutton
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| n.贪食者，好食者 | |
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171
mumble
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| n./v.喃喃而语，咕哝 | |
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172
stuntman
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| n.特技演员 | |
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173
puddle
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| n.(雨)水坑，泥潭 | |
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174
brunch
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| n.早午餐 | |
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175
mumbled
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| 含糊地说某事，叽咕，咕哝( mumble的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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176
crumbs
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| int. (表示惊讶)哎呀 n. 碎屑 名词crumb的复数形式 | |
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177
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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178
jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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179
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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180
rammed
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| v.夯实（土等）( ram的过去式和过去分词 )；猛撞；猛压；反复灌输 | |
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181
halfway
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| adj.中途的，不彻底的，部分的；adv.半路地，在中途，在半途 | |
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182
alcove
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| n.凹室 | |
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183
anthem
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| n.圣歌，赞美诗，颂歌 | |
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184
bass
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| n.男低音(歌手)；低音乐器；低音大提琴 | |
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185
huddled
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| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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186
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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187
obelisk
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| n.方尖塔 | |
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188
bog
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| n.沼泽；室...陷入泥淖 | |
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189
gondola
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| n.威尼斯的平底轻舟；飞船的吊船 | |
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190
grotto
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| n.洞穴 | |
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191
preoccupied
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| adj.全神贯注的，入神的；被抢先占有的；心事重重的v.占据（某人）思想，使对…全神贯注，使专心于( preoccupy的过去式) | |
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192
groggy
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| adj.体弱的；不稳的 | |
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193
hopped
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| 跳上[下]( hop的过去式和过去分词 )； 单足蹦跳； 齐足（或双足）跳行； 摘葎草花 | |
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194
anonymous
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| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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195
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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196
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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197
hurdle
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| n.跳栏，栏架；障碍，困难；vi.进行跨栏赛 | |
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198
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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199
partnership
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| n.合作关系，伙伴关系 | |
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200
sergeants
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| 警官( sergeant的名词复数 )； （美国警察）警佐； （英国警察）巡佐； 陆军（或空军）中士 | |
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201
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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202
arbor
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| n.凉亭；树木 | |
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203
orphan
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| n.孤儿；adj.无父母的 | |
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204
implore
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| vt.乞求，恳求，哀求 | |
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205
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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206
gory
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| adj.流血的；残酷的 | |
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207
spores
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| n.（细菌、苔藓、蕨类植物）孢子( spore的名词复数 )v.（细菌、苔藓、蕨类植物）孢子( spore的第三人称单数 ) | |
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208
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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209
concord
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| n.和谐；协调 | |
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210
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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211
orphans
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| 孤儿( orphan的名词复数 ) | |
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212
lair
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| n.野兽的巢穴；躲藏处 | |
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213
impair
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| v.损害，损伤；削弱，减少 | |
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214
jeer
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| vi.嘲弄，揶揄；vt.奚落；n.嘲笑，讥评 | |
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215
weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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216
steer
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| vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶 | |
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217
earring
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| n.耳环，耳饰 | |
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218
allure
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| n.诱惑力，魅力；vt.诱惑，引诱，吸引 | |
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219
azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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220
moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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