英语听力文摘 English Digest 224、电线上的小鸟 Bird on a Wire

　　Bird on a Wire
当我们行走在马路上时，经常可以看到成群的麻雀或乌鸦停落在几万伏的高压电线上，它们不仅不会触电，而且一个个显得悠闲自得。可是，你也知道，如果有人不小心碰到高压线就会触电身亡！同样都是一根高压线，为什么小鸟站在上面却不会触电呢？ 我们都知道，电分为正负两极。在正负两极之间连接上导体，电流就会从导体上流过。同样电线也分为正负两根。人体是导体，人的身体较大，在碰到电线时，把两根电线连在一起，形成短路，人体上就有大电流流过，这就是人触电身亡的原因。由于小鸟身体较小，它只接触了一根电线，它的身体和所站在的那根电线是等电位，身体上没有电流通过，所以它们不会触电。但是，如果蛇爬到电线上就危险了，它的身体较长，当它爬到高压线上后会把正负两根连接在一起造成触电死亡。

 

　　Have you ever wondered why birds aren't (1)electrocuted（使触电致死） by the currents（电流） that flow through high-voltage power lines（高压电线）? Find out on this Moment of Science.
It’s not unusual to see lines of birds (2)perched（栖息） on power lines. But did you ever wonder why birds aren’t electrocuted by the enormous currents that flow through these high-voltage wires?
You might think it’s because the wires are (3)insulated（绝缘的）, but they’re actually not insulated at all — that’s why downed（击落的） power lines are so dangerous. No, the only reason why birds on power lines usually aren’t electrocuted is because the wire is the only thing they’re touching²!
Like all energy, electricity seeks (4)equilibrium³（均衡，平衡）, or balance. That means electricity will flow from high-energy areas to areas of less energy, always using the path of least resistance（阻力最小的方向）. So if the bird has one foot on our original wire, and the other foot on, for example, the ground or on a different wire with less voltage, the bird would be electrocuted. Because the electricity would pass through the bird on its way from the high-voltage line to the lower-voltage line or the ground.
But as long as both of the bird’s feet are on the same wire (or wires of the same voltage), the bird is safe. The current doesn’t have anywhere else to go, so the electricity won’t pass through the bird–it stays on the path of least resistance, the wire.
This would work for humans, too–if you were to hang suspended from one of these wires, you wouldn’t be electrocuted, as long as you didn’t get too close to anything else, like a lighter⁴ or a telephone pole（电话线杆） or the ground. But don’t try this experiment at home! If you want proof, just look up at the birds on the wires!
Notes:
(1)electrocute [i'lektr?kju:t] vt. （美）以电椅处死；使触电致死
1.Don't touch that wire, you'll electrocute yourself.
别碰那根电线，你会被电死的。
2.The electrocute and disintegrate⁵ videos show it pretty well.
瓦解之光和电刑的动画很好的显示了这一点。
(2)perch¹ [p?:t?] n. 高位；栖木；杆 vt. 栖息；就位；位于；使坐落于 vi. 栖息；就位；位于
1.A lady was walking to work when she saw a parrot on a perch in front of a pet store.
有一位女士在步行去上班途中，看见一只鹦鹉栖息在一间宠物店前面。
2.To demonstrate, Justin, one of Pepperberg's undergraduate assistants, instructs Griffin and Alex to hop⁶ up on the work perch.
为了演示，佩珀堡的一个大学生助手贾斯廷，指导格里芬和亚历克斯跳到高处工作架上去。
(3)insulated ['ins?,leit?d] adj.绝缘的；隔热的 v.使…绝缘（insulate的过去式）
1.Wind an insulated copper⁷ wire around a pen.
在一枝笔上缠绕一圈绝缘铜线。
2.Many houses in the north are warm in winter because they are insulated so that the heat is not lost.
北方的许多房子在冬天很暖和，因为它们都作了隔热处理，使热量不致散失。
(4)equilibrium [,i:kwi'libri?m] n.均衡；平静；保持平衡的能力
The equilibrium price decreases but equilibrium quantity increases.
均衡价格减少，但均衡数量增加。

1 perch   

n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于

参考例句：

• The bird took its perch.鸟停歇在栖木上。
• Little birds perch themselves on the branches.小鸟儿栖歇在树枝上。

2 touching   

adj.动人的，使人感伤的

参考例句：

• It was a touching sight.这是一幅动人的景象。
• His letter was touching.他的信很感人。

3 equilibrium   

n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静

参考例句：

• Change in the world around us disturbs our inner equilibrium.我们周围世界的变化扰乱了我们内心的平静。
• This is best expressed in the form of an equilibrium constant.这最好用平衡常数的形式来表示。

4 lighter   

n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级

参考例句：

• The portrait was touched up so as to make it lighter.这张画经过润色，色调明朗了一些。
• The lighter works off the car battery.引燃器利用汽车蓄电池打火。

5 disintegrate   

v.瓦解，解体，（使）碎裂，（使）粉碎

参考例句：

• The older strata gradually disintegrate.较老的岩层渐渐风化。
• The plane would probably disintegrate at that high speed.飞机以那么高速飞行也许会四分五裂。

6 hop   

n.单脚跳，跳跃；vi.单脚跳，跳跃；着手做某事；vt.跳跃，跃过

参考例句：

• The children had a competition to see who could hop the fastest.孩子们举行比赛，看谁单足跳跃最快。
• How long can you hop on your right foot?你用右脚能跳多远？

7 copper   

n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的

参考例句：

• The students are asked to prove the purity of copper.要求学生们检验铜的纯度。
• Copper is a good medium for the conduction of heat and electricity.铜是热和电的良导体。