英语听力文摘 English Digest 289、提高运动能力

　　A Scientist in the Locker¹ Room
How do you improve at any sport? You train, train, train.
But how you train is just as important as how much. Armed with the science of exercise physiology², today’s olympic-class coaches design sophisticated programs for their athletes.
A muscle is like an engine, and the fuel it runs on is the chemical ATP. Our bodies have three separate systems for creating this fuel however. Exercise physiologists³ pay close attention to how an athlete’s ATP is produced.

　　The phosphocreatine system gives an athlete lots of ATP very fast, but it’s only good for about ten seconds before it needs to recharge. The second system, called glycolysis, provides a more steady supply, but too much glycolysis can make the muscles inefficient⁴. The third system, called aerobic⁵ metabolism⁶, burns fats and sugars to make ATP. Aerobic metabolism is best for long term endurance, but it’s slow to get going, and, like the other systems, it also runs out of steam.
Olympic trainers take these systems into account. A long- distance runner should use aerobic metabolism for as much of her ATP as possible. To ensure this, she’ll be tested on a treadmill⁷ to measure her threshold of aerobic metabolism. The trainer then develops a training program which will increase it. On the other hand, a weight lifter should use his phosphocreatine system, which provides maximum ATP in short bursts of time. His work- outs will build up the enzymes⁸ of this system, as well as build up his muscles.
That’s just one way athletes can get a boost from the science of exercise physiology.
译文：
你怎样才能在体育运动方面有所提高呢？你不停地锻炼。
但是你怎样锻炼与锻炼量的多少同样重要。以运动生理学为指导，今天奥林匹克级别的教练为他们的运动员设计了一系列复杂的程序。
肌肉就像一个引擎，它的"燃油"是化学物质三磷酸腺苷，我们身体有3个制造这种“燃油”的独立系统。运动生理学家门密切关注了一个运动员三磷酸腺苷是怎样形成的。
磷酸肌酸系统能够非常快的为运动员提供许多三磷酸腺苷，但是在再次补给之前，这中物质只能持续大约十秒钟。第二系统，称为醣酵解，能够提供更稳定的供应。但是过多的醣酵解会让肌肉效率低下。第三系统，叫做有氧代谢，燃烧脂肪和糖分来制造三磷酸腺苷。有氧代谢有利于长期的耐力训练，但是它的反应比较慢，而且就像其他的系统样，它同样会很快的筋疲力尽。
奥林匹克教练考虑了所有的这些系统。长跑运动员应该尽可能的像运用三磷酸腺苷那样来运用有氧代谢。为了确保这样，她将会在跑步机上来测量她的有氧运动的极限。然后教练研发了可以增加有氧代谢的运动程序。另一方面，举重运动员可以运用磷酸肌酸系统，它能够在较短的爆发时间内提供最大值的三磷酸腺苷。由此将会增加这个系统的酶，也能够重塑他的肌肉。
这就是一个运动员从运动生理学上获得提高的路径之一。

1 locker   

n.更衣箱，储物柜，冷藏室，上锁的人

参考例句：

• At the swimming pool I put my clothes in a locker.在游泳池我把衣服锁在小柜里。
• He moved into the locker room and began to slip out of his scrub suit.他走进更衣室把手术服脱下来。

2 physiology   

n.生理学，生理机能

参考例句：

• He bought a book about physiology.他买了一本生理学方面的书。
• He was awarded the Nobel Prize for achievements in physiology.他因生理学方面的建树而被授予诺贝尔奖。

3 physiologists   

n.生理学者( physiologist的名词复数 )；生理学( physiology的名词复数 )；生理机能

参考例句：

• Quite unexpectedly, vertebrate physiologists and microbial biochemists had found a common ground. 出乎意外，脊椎动物生理学家和微生物生化学家找到了共同阵地。 来自辞典例句
• Physiologists are interested in the workings of the human body. 生理学家对人体的功能感兴趣。 来自辞典例句

4 inefficient   

adj.效率低的，无效的

参考例句：

• The inefficient operation cost the firm a lot of money.低效率的运作使该公司损失了许多钱。
• Their communication systems are inefficient in the extreme.他们的通讯系统效率非常差。

5 aerobic   

adj.需氧的，增氧健身法的，有氧的

参考例句：

• Aerobic exercise helps to build up stamina.有氧健身操有助于增强耐力。
• Aerobic dance is conductive to the health.有氧舞蹈有助于健康。

6 metabolism   

n.新陈代谢

参考例句：

• After years of dieting,Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack.经过数年的节食，卡罗尔的新陈代谢完全紊乱了。
• All living matter undergoes a process of metabolism.生物都有新陈代谢。

7 treadmill   

n.踏车；单调的工作

参考例句：

• The treadmill has a heart rate monitor.跑步机上有个脉搏监视器。
• Drugs remove man from the treadmill of routine.药物可以使人摆脱日常单调的工作带来的疲劳。

8 enzymes   

n. 酶，酵素

参考例句：

• It was said that washing powders containing enzymes remove stains more efficiently. 据说加酶洗衣粉除污更有效。
• Among the enzymes which are particularly effective are pepsin, papain. 在酶当中特别有效的是胃朊酶、木瓜酶。