【英语时差8,16】做酱肉汁

 Making gravy¹ Anyone who has made gravy for a big holiday dinner knows that heating a bit of fat and some flour, and then adding broth² will eventually create a thick sauce to cover your plate of mashed³ potatoes and turkey. But exactly what turns these three ingredients into a smooth sauce? The answer is heat. If you put a bit of flour into a cup of cold broth, the flour would clump⁴ instead of mixing with the broth and forming gravy. That’s because the starch⁵ molecule⁶ in flour is a group of thousands of smaller sugar molecules⁷ bonded⁸ together in the shape of a long chain. When you put flour in cold liquid, it clumps⁹. Without heat, the starch molecules continue to keep their shape as long chains of sugar molecules and remain separate from the water molecules that surround them. When you heat this mixture, however, the energy from the heat disturbs the starch molecules and causes them to break down into their smaller components¹⁰. At this point, individual sugar molecules are set free and are able to bond with hydrogen molecules in the liquid base of the sauce. As this happens, the clump of flour dissolves and the broth thickens and takes on the smooth, thick, texture¹¹ characteristic of gravy. Fat, in the form of butter or meat drippings, is included in the list of ingredients for a gravy mainly because it adds a rich flavor most people have come to associate with gravies¹² and sauces.

1 gravy   

n.肉汁；轻易得来的钱，外快

参考例句：

• You have spilled gravy on the tablecloth.你把肉汁泼到台布上了。
• The meat was swimming in gravy.肉泡在浓汁之中。

2 broth   

n.原(汁)汤(鱼汤、肉汤、菜汤等)

参考例句：

• Every cook praises his own broth.厨子总是称赞自己做的汤。
• Just a bit of a mouse's dropping will spoil a whole saucepan of broth.一粒老鼠屎败坏一锅汤。

3 mashed   

a.捣烂的

参考例句：

• two scoops of mashed potato 两勺土豆泥
• Just one scoop of mashed potato for me, please. 请给我盛一勺土豆泥。

4 clump   

n.树丛，草丛；vi.用沉重的脚步行走

参考例句：

• A stream meandered gently through a clump of trees.一条小溪从树丛中蜿蜒穿过。
• It was as if he had hacked with his thick boots at a clump of bluebells.仿佛他用自己的厚靴子无情地践踏了一丛野风信子。

5 starch   

n.淀粉；vt.给...上浆

参考例句：

• Corn starch is used as a thickener in stews.玉米淀粉在炖煮菜肴中被用作增稠剂。
• I think there's too much starch in their diet.我看是他们的饮食里淀粉太多了。

6 molecule   

n.分子，克分子

参考例句：

• A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈̬f婘̬ 妈̬成的。
• This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。

7 molecules   

分子( molecule的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
• Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里，大分子裂变为小分子。

8 bonded   

n.有担保的，保税的，粘合的

参考例句：

• The whisky was taken to bonded warehouses at Port Dundee.威士忌酒已送到邓迪港的保稅仓库。
• This adhesive must be applied to both surfaces which are to be bonded together.要粘接的两个面都必须涂上这种黏合剂。

9 clumps   

n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声

参考例句：

• These plants quickly form dense clumps. 这些植物很快形成了浓密的树丛。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The bulbs were over. All that remained of them were clumps of brown leaves. 这些鳞茎死了，剩下的只是一丛丛的黃叶子。 来自《简明英汉词典》

10 components   

（机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分； 成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量； （混合物的）组成部分

参考例句：

• the components of a machine 机器部件
• Our chemistry teacher often reduces a compound to its components in lab. 在实验室中化学老师常把化合物分解为各种成分。

11 texture   

n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理

参考例句：

• We could feel the smooth texture of silk.我们能感觉出丝绸的光滑质地。
• Her skin has a fine texture.她的皮肤细腻。

12 gravies   

n.肉汁( gravy的名词复数 )；肉卤；意外之财；飞来福

参考例句：

• Other culprits to blame for dingy teeth include colas, gravies, and dark juices. 咎取暗黑色牙齿的其它罪魁祸首包括可乐、肉汤和深色果汁。 来自互联网