生活英语对话 Episode 69: The art gallery

本单元是关于画廊的对话

Alice: This is a lovely painting.
Paul: Isn't it? Let's find out about it. Excuse me!
Guide: Ooh, hello there, can I help you?
Alice: Could you tell us a little about this one please?
Guide: Ooh, by all means...this beautiful picture is several hundred years old. In this period, paintings would often be commissioned by the wealthy as a way of showing their status, and, they would be hung in the home to be admired by visitors, in much the same way that we might admire an expensive piece of jewellery or a car these days.
Alice: Oh, it's beautiful. How long would it have taken to paint?
Guide: Well, a painting like this would probably have taken up to a year to complete.
Paul: Mmm, it's a fine piece: one of my favourites.


Vocabulary:（字汇）

by all means (idiom):（当然，乐意之至）
of course, certainly

commission¹: （委托）
to give somebody the job of making a piece of art, such as a painting, poem or sculpture

the wealthy: （有钱人）
rich people in general

status:（地位）
the social position of a person in relation to others

admire:（欣赏）
to have or show great appreciation², respect or approval³ for something

本单元的语言点是 'Would'的用法，would 表示重复的动作或过去的习惯，请看下面的解释和例句

Past habits and repeated actions - 'would'

'Would'- repeated actions and habits in the past （表示重复的动作或过去的习惯）
In this episode⁴ of The Flatmates, the guide uses 'would' plus a base verb (infinitive without 'to') to talk about repeated actions and habits in the past.

'...paintings would often be commissioned by the wealthy, and, they would be hung in the home...'

The use of 'would' means that these things happened many times in the past. This idea can also be expressed by using the past simple, so the above sentence could be rewritten as:

'...paintings were often commissioned by the wealthy, and, they were hung in the home...'

If a past action happened only once, 'would' can not be used.

This painting would be commissioned in 1856 - wrong.
This painting was commissioned in 1856 - right.


'Would' and 'used to' - past repeated actions, habits and states（表示重复的动作，习惯和状态）

'would' + base verb has a very similar meaning to 'used to' - the above example could be rewritten as:

'...paintings used to be commissioned by the wealthy and, they used to be hung in the home...' with no real change in meaning.

However, there is an important difference between 'would' and 'used to'. 'Used to' can be used to talk about past states as well as past repeated actions and habits, but 'would' is only used to talk about past habits. 'Would' is not used to talk about past states.

When I was younger, I used to paint for 2 hours every day - correct - this is a past repeated action or habit, so 'used to' is acceptable⁵ here.

When I was younger, I would paint for 2 hours every day - correct - this is a past repeated action or habit, so 'used to' is acceptable here.

I used to be a painter - correct - this is a past state - 'used to' is acceptable here.

I would be a painter - wrong - this is a past state - 'would' is not acceptable here.

If a past action happened only once, 'used to' can not be used.

This painting used to be commissioned in 1856 - wrong.
This painting was commissioned in 1856 - right.


Past possibilities / probabilities⁶ - 'would have' + past participle （表示过去的可能性）

In this episode of The Flatmates, Alice and the guide use 'would have' with a past participle to talk about past possibilities or probabilities .

Alice asks: How long would it have taken to paint?

The guide replies: Well, a painting like this would probably have taken up to a year to complete.

1 commission   

n.委托，授权，委员会，拥金，回扣，委任状

参考例句：

• The salesman can get commission on everything he sells.这个售货员能得到所售每件货物的佣金。
• The commission is made up of five people,including two women.委员会由五人组成，其中包括两名妇女。

2 appreciation   

n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨

参考例句：

• I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to you all.我想对你们所有人表达我的感激和谢意。
• I'll be sending them a donation in appreciation of their help.我将送给他们一笔捐款以感谢他们的帮助。

3 approval   

n.赞成，同意；批准，认可

参考例句：

• The audience has expressed its approval.观众已经认可。
• The teacher signed his approval.老师做了手势表示同意。

4 episode   

n.（作品的一段）情节，插曲，系列事件中之一

参考例句：

• The episode was a huge embarrassment for all concerned.这段小插曲令所有有关人员都感到非常尴尬。
• This episode remains sharply engraved on my mind.这段经历至今仍深深地铭刻在我的心中。

5 acceptable   

adj.可接受的，合意的，受欢迎的

参考例句：

• The terms of the contract are acceptable to us.我们认为这个合同的条件可以接受。
• Air pollution in the city had reached four times the acceptable levels.这座城市的空气污染程度曾高达可接受标准的四倍。

6 probabilities   

可能性，可能发生的事( probability的名词复数 )； 概率

参考例句：

• When we want something, we always have to reckon with probabilities. 当我们需要某件东西时，我们总得考虑或然性。 来自哲学部分
• Therefore, individual-preference curves should be substituted for statistical probabilities in decision trees. 因此，在决策树中个人的偏好曲线应当取代统计机率。