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Grammar Girl here.
Today Bonnie Trenga will help us boldly go where many grammarians have gone before: deep into the dictionary to discover the true meaning and correct usage of the word “comprise.” Some of you may feel that this is an alien word to be avoided at all costs—because it is tricky1. Others will be more willing to communicate with this strange species. Helping2 us on our journey will be an odd mnemonic device.
The Meaning of “Comprise”
It seems simple enough: “to comprise” means “to contain” (1), as in “The house comprises seven rooms.” In other words, this house has or contains seven rooms. When you use “comprise,” you’re talking about all the parts that make up something. Usually. More on that a little later.
The important thing to remember when you’re using the word “comprise” is that the item that is the whole shebang comes first in the sentence; second come the items that are its parts. For example, you might say, “A full pack comprises 52 cards.” The pack is the whole shebang, so it comes first in the sentence. It would be wrong to say, “Fifty-two cards comprise a full pack.” Likewise, America comprises 50 states, not fifty states comprise America. In this sentence, America is the whole shebang, so it comes first in the sentence. The whole comprises the parts.
The Meaning of “Compose”
The fly in the ointment3 as far as the word “comprise” goes is the similar-sounding word “compose,” which means “to make up,” as in “Many ethnic4 groups compose our nation.”
Notice in this sentence that the parts come before the whole. If you wanted to start the sentence with the words “our nation,” guess which verb you’d have to use instead? Our friend “comprise”: “Our nation comprises many ethnic groups.” So, the parts compose the whole, but the whole comprises the parts.
“Is Comprised Of” and “Is Composed Of”
Now let’s talk about the phrases “is comprised of” and “is composed of.” One of these is allowed, and one is not. The one you can say is “is composed of,” so you could say, “Our nation is composed of many ethnic groups.” On the other hand, most grammar sources I checked (2, 3, 4) agree that “is comprised of” is an incorrect phrase. Just as you can’t say, “The house includes of seven rooms,” you can’t say, “The house is comprised of seven rooms” (5). You have to say, “The house comprises seven rooms.”
The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style (6), however, has noticed an interesting trend. In 1965, 54% of the usage panel disapproved5 of the phrase “is comprised of,” whereas in 2005, 65% approved, which I take to mean that only 35% disapproved. As with a number of constructions we’ve discussed here on the “Grammar Girl” podcast, they say “the traditional distinction may be destined6 to fall by the wayside.” This guide does suggest that you observe the traditional rule though.
How to Use “Comprise”
At the beginning of this show, we said that “comprise” means “contain,” but in her book Woe7 Is I the respected grammar writer Patricia O'Connor muddies the issue when she lists “to include” as a definition (7). This suggests that there could be more parts to the whole, contradicting the idea that when you use “comprise” you’re talking about all the parts.
If we use this definition, does it mean we could say, “The house comprises at least five rooms”? It would seem to make sense if we substitute the word “include” in this sentence. “The house includes at least five rooms.” Perhaps Fowler’s, another trusted resource, can help us. It states “the whole comprises all the parts.” The word “all” there seems pretty definitive8.
On the other hand, the American Heritage Dictionary reveals that “comprise” means “to consist of,” to be composed of,” “to include,” and “to contain” (8). It goes on to clarify matters in its definition of “include”: “Comprise usually implies that all of the components9 are stated” (9). Notice that it said “usually.” It seems that to use “comprise” you must be talking about all the parts that make up something, but perhaps occasionally you can use it if more parts might be lurking10 somewhere.
A Mnemonic to Help You
Now it’s time for that odd mnemonic device we promised. It’s not pretty, but it’ll help you use “comprise” correctly. Remember the phrase “whole comprises the parts.” Taking the first letters of these four words, we come up with WC TP: Water Closet Toilet Paper. Whole Comprises The Parts. Hope that helps. If not, remember to check your dictionary. It will include an example or two to guide you. And no one will mind if you avoid “comprise.” Just say, “made up of.”
The Curious Case of the Misplaced Modifier
This podcast was written by Bonnie Trenga, author of The Curious Case of the Misplaced Modifier, who blogs at sentencesleuth.blogspot.com, and I'm Mignon Fogarty, the author of the forthcoming book The Grammar Devotional.
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tricky
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| adj.狡猾的，奸诈的；(工作等)棘手的，微妙的 | |
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2
helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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3
ointment
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| n.药膏，油膏，软膏 | |
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ethnic
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| adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的 | |
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5
disapproved
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| v.不赞成( disapprove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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6
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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7
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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definitive
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| adj.确切的，权威性的；最后的，决定性的 | |
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9
components
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| （机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分； 成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量； （混合物的）组成部分 | |
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lurking
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| 潜在 | |
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