经济学人47:腹中发现 恐龙吃什么

 　　Science and Technolgy

　　科技

　　What dinosaurs¹ ate

　　恐龙吃什么

　　The belly² of the beast

　　腹中发现

　　A chance discovery from China suggests some dinosaurs lived in trees

　　在中国的一次偶然发现暗示着有些恐龙在树上生活

　　WHAT dinosaurs ate is, of course, a question as interesting and illuminating³ as what ate dinosaurs (see article).

　　恐龙吃什么？当然，这个问题与“什么吃恐龙？”一样有趣，一样具有启发性。

　　In the case of one particular dinosaur,Microraptor, the matter was addressed in a presentation to the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology by Jingmai O'Connor of the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, in Beijing.

　　但就“小盗龙吃什么”这一问题（见文章），北京中国科学院古脊椎动物和古人类研究所的Jingmai O'Connor在古脊椎动物学会年会上发表了演说。

　　Microraptor (see photograph) is one of many small, feathered dinosaurs found in what is now China that were alive during the Cretaceous period more than 66m years ago.

　　小盗龙（见图），生活在距今六千六百多万年前的白垩纪，是现今中国境内发现的众多体型娇小、长有羽毛的恐龙之一。

　　Being feathered, it and its kind were cousins to birds.

　　这一种恐龙身着羽毛，是鸟类的近亲。

　　The actual split between the two groups, though, had happened much earlier, during the Jurassic period (the first known bird is Archaeopteryx, from 150m years ago), and by the late Cretaceous there were many species of bird around.

　　尽管，这两种物种早在侏罗纪时期（已知的最早鸟类是始祖鸟，生活在一亿五千万年前）就已分道扬镳，而且，到了白垩纪后期，已出现了许多种的鸟类。

　　What Dr O'Connor and her colleagues have found is the remains⁴ of one of those birds, of an as-yet-unidentified species, in the stomach of a specimen⁵ of Microraptor.

　　O'Connor博士和她同事在小盗龙样本的胃中发现了那时期鸟类的残骸，但其种类还未得到鉴别。

　　That is interesting. Discovering direct evidence of what a fossil animal ate, rather than having to infer it from details such as the shape of its teeth, is always valuable.

　　比起根据其牙齿形状等细节来推测出结果，找出古生物吃什么的直接证据是有价值的。

　　But the find's true significance is a small detail of the prey's anatomy⁶: the third toe of its foot.

　　但是，这个发现真正重要之处却是其骨骼的一个细微之处：它脚掌的第三个脚趾。那是非常有趣的。

　　The size of the prey's third toe is important because, among birds, long third toes are helpful for grasping branches and perching in trees.

　　捕食者第三个脚趾的大小是很重要的，因为，对于鸟来说，长长的第三趾可以帮助其抓紧树枝，在树上栖息。

　　Indeed, the trait is so useful for arboreal⁷ life that it is used by many avian palaeontologists to decide whether newly excavated⁸ species of fossil birds lived in trees or on the ground.

　　的确，对于树栖生物这一特点是相当有用的，而许多鸟类古生物学家也利用这一特点来确定新挖掘出的鸟类化石是栖息在树上还是生活在地面上。

　　And the last meal of this particular specimen of Microraptor did, indeed, have a long third toe.

　　而小盗龙的最后一餐显然长有长长的第三个脚趾。

　　That elongated⁹ toe suggests to Dr O'Connor that Microraptor, too, was arboreal, and hints that its feathers may have helped it to move through an environment where hops¹⁰, jumps and flaps between branches were a regular part of its daily activity.

　　那细长的脚趾暗示着O'Connor博士小盗龙也是树栖的。在一个需在枝桠间跳跃、滑行的生活环境中，它的羽毛可能对它的日常活动有所帮助。

　　Whether the first birds evolved from arboreal or terrestrial ancestors is a matter of lively debate among palaeontologists.

　　关于第一只鸟是从树栖还是陆生的祖先进化而来，一直是古生物学家激烈争论的话题。

　　A fossil formed so long after birds emerged does not, in truth, shed much light on that debate.

　　事实上，一个在鸟类出现很久之后形成的化石并没有使得这一论战明朗化。

　　But it does suggest feathers may have helped promote life in the trees, even for creatures that could not actually fly.

　　但是，这的确说明对于居于树上、即使是那些根本不能飞的树栖生物来说，羽毛可能真的有助于它们的生活。

1 dinosaurs   

n.恐龙( dinosaur的名词复数 )；守旧落伍的人，过时落后的东西

参考例句：

• The brontosaurus was one of the largest of all dinosaurs. 雷龙是所有恐龙中最大的一种。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. 恐龙绝种已有几百万年了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 belly   

n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛

参考例句：

• The boss has a large belly.老板大腹便便。
• His eyes are bigger than his belly.他眼馋肚饱。

3 illuminating   

a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的

参考例句：

• We didn't find the examples he used particularly illuminating. 我们觉得他采用的那些例证启发性不是特别大。
• I found his talk most illuminating. 我觉得他的话很有启发性。

4 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

5 specimen   

n.样本，标本

参考例句：

• You'll need tweezers to hold up the specimen.你要用镊子来夹这标本。
• This specimen is richly variegated in colour.这件标本上有很多颜色。

6 anatomy   

n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织

参考例句：

• He found out a great deal about the anatomy of animals.在动物解剖学方面，他有过许多发现。
• The hurricane's anatomy was powerful and complex.对飓风的剖析是一项庞大而复杂的工作。

7 arboreal   

adj.树栖的；树的

参考例句：

• Man was evolved from an ancestor that was probably arboreal.人大概是从住在树上的祖先进化而来的。
• Koala is an arboreal Australian marsupial.考拉是一种澳大利亚树栖有袋动物。

8 excavated   

v.挖掘( excavate的过去式和过去分词 )；开凿；挖出；发掘

参考例句：

• The site has been excavated by archaeologists. 这个遗址已被考古学家发掘出来。
• The archaeologists excavated an ancient fortress. 考古学家们发掘出一个古堡。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 elongated   

v.延长，加长( elongate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Modigliani's women have strangely elongated faces. 莫迪里阿尼画中的妇女都长着奇长无比的脸。
• A piece of rubber can be elongated by streching. 一块橡皮可以拉长。 来自《用法词典》

10 hops   

跳上[下]( hop的第三人称单数 )； 单足蹦跳； 齐足（或双足）跳行； 摘葎草花

参考例句：

• The sparrow crossed the lawn in a series of hops. 那麻雀一蹦一跳地穿过草坪。
• It is brewed from malt and hops. 它用麦精和蛇麻草酿成。