经济学人203:衰老 青春永驻?

 　　Science and technology

　　科学技术

　　Ageing

　　衰老

　　Forever young?

　　青春永驻？

　　A way to counteract¹ part of the process of growing old

　　一个减缓衰老进程的途径

　　BIOLOGISTS have made a lot of progress in understanding ageing.

　　在对人类衰老过程的探索中生物学家们取得了长足的进步。

　　They have not, however, been able to do much about slowing it down.

　　可是如何减缓衰老他们还没有太多的办法。

　　Particular versions of certain genes³ have been shown to prolong life,

　　与延长寿命相关的特定基因已经找到，

　　but that is no help to those who do not have them.

　　但这还帮不了那些此段基因缺失的人。

　　A piece of work reported in this week's Nature by Darren Baker⁴ of the Mayo Clinic, in Minnesota, though, describes an extraordinary result that points to a way the process might be ameliorated.

　　本周《自然》杂志发表了明尼苏达州梅奥诊所的Dr.Darren Baker的一项实验报告，描述了其所采取的方法使得衰老进程得到改善，结果非常好。

　　Dr Baker has shown—in mice, at least—that ageing body cells not only suffer themselves,

　　至少在实验小白鼠体内是这样，

　　but also have adverse⁵ effects on otherwise healthy cells around them.

　　Dr.Barker称体细胞不仅自己逐渐衰老,还将不利的影响传达到周围健康的细胞。

　　More significantly, he has shown that if such ageing cells are selectively destroyed, these adverse effects go away.

　　更神奇的是，如果这些衰老的细胞被人为破坏掉，它们对健康细胞的负面影响也会随之消失。

　　The story starts with an observation, made a few years ago, that senescent cells often produce a molecule⁶ called P16INK4A.

　　故事还得从几年前的一项实验开始讲起，他们观察到衰老的细胞通常会产生一种叫P16INK4A的分子。

　　Most body cells have an upper limit on the number of times they can divide—and thus multiply in number.

　　大部分体细胞分裂次数会有一个上限－数量的翻倍，

　　P16INK4A is part of the control mechanism⁷ that brings cell division to a halt when this limit is reached.

　　当这个上限接近时，P16INK4A作为控制机制的一部分会使细胞的分裂停止。

　　The Hayflick limit, as the upper bound is known, is believed to be an anticancer mechanism.

　　海弗利克极限，即我们所知的上限现在认为可作为一种抗癌机制，

　　It provides a backstop that prevents a runaway⁸ cell line from reproducing indefinitely, and thus becoming a tumour⁹.

　　它可以拦截、阻断细胞链的无限期、失常的增生，正是这种失常的增生形成了肿瘤。

　　The limit varies from species to species—in humans, it is about 60 divisions—and its size is correlated with the lifespan of the animal concerned.

　　这种极限随物种不同而不同，人类大致的分裂次数上限是60次，极限的大小与相应动物的预期生命期限有关。

　　Hayflick-limited cells thus accumulate as an animal ages, and many biologists believe they are one of the things which control maximum lifespan. Dr Baker's experiment suggests this is correct.

　　细胞的海弗利克极限累加就是动物的寿命长度，很多的生物学家推测它们控制着生命期限最长值。Dr.Barker的实验证明了推测是正确的。

　　Age shall not weary them

　　老而未衰的器官

　　Dr Baker genetically¹¹ engineered a group of mice that were already quite unusual.

　　Dr. Baker 通过基因工程处理的一组小白鼠非常特别，

　　They had a condition called progeria, meaning that they aged¹² much more rapidly than normal mice.

　　它们的症状也称早老症，意味着它们比一般的小白鼠衰老的更快。

　　The extra tweak he added to the DNA¹³ of these mice was a way of killing¹⁴ cells that produce P16INK4A. He did this by inserting into the animals' DNA, near the gene² for P16INK4A, a second gene that was,

　　他在这些小白鼠的DNA中加入了可杀死能产生P16INK4A分子的细胞的特别基因，具体做法是在实验小白鼠P16INK4A旁边的基因插入另一段动物基因，

　　because of this proximity¹⁵, controlled by the same genetic¹⁰ switch.

　　因为在它旁边，第二段基因也受相同的遗传开关控制。

　　This second gene, activated¹⁶ whenever the gene for P16INK4A was active, produced a protein that was harmless in itself,

　　这第二段基因编码产生的蛋白质对自身无害，但在特殊的药物作用下，它就会变的很致命，只要P16INK4A分子有活性它就能被激活。

　　but which could be made deadly by the presence of a particular drug. Giving a mouse this drug, then, would kill cells which had reached their Hayflick limits while leaving other cells untouched. Dr Baker raised his mice, administered the drug, and watched.

　　给实验小白鼠服用这种药后，就会杀死那些接近海弗利克极限的细胞，其它细胞则完好无损。 Dr Baker 培养这些小白鼠,给它们服用药物后，观察它们。

　　The results were spectacular.

　　结果是出人意料的。

　　Mice given the drug every three days from birth suffered far less age-related body-wasting than those which were not.

　　小白鼠出生后每3天给一次药,服药小白鼠比没服药小白鼠的与衰老相关的机体耗损要少的多。

　　They lost less fatty tissue. Their muscles remained plump.

　　它们耗损的脂肪组织更少，肌肉丰满,

　　And they did not suffer cataracts¹⁷ of the eye.

　　并且都没患上白内障。

　　They did, though, continue to experience age-related problems in tissues that do not produce P16INK4A as they get old.

　　接下来，他们还对那些老化的但并没有出现P16INK4A分子的器官也进行了衰老相关问题的实验，

　　In particular, their hearts and blood vessels¹⁸ aged normally.

　　特别是它们的心脏和血管，老化的进程很正常，

　　For that reason, since heart failure is the main cause of death in such mice, their lifespans were not extended.

　　小白鼠的主要是死因心脏衰竭，所以它们的预期寿命不会再延长了。

　　The drug, Dr Baker found, produced some benefit even if it was administered to a mouse only later in life.

　　Dr Baker发现，这种药物即使是饲喂给生命快到尽头的的小白鼠也会有一定的疗效，

　　Though it could not clear cataracts that had already formed, it partly reversed muscle-wasting and fatty-tissue loss.

　　尽管对已经形成的白内障没法再变回清澈，但能使肌肉及脂肪组织的耗损部分得以缓解，

　　Such mice were thus healthier than their untreated confrères.

　　这些小白鼠因此比没有服药的更健康。

　　Analysis of tissue from mice killed during the course of the experiment showed that the drug was having its intended effect.

　　对那些在实验中死亡小白鼠的组织进行分析发现，药物达到了预期的效果。

　　Cells producing P16INK4A were killed and cleared away as they appeared.

　　细胞一旦产生了P16INK4A分子就立即被杀死了。

　　Dr Baker's results therefore support the previously¹⁹ untested hypothesis that not only do cells which are at the Hayflick limit stop working well themselves,

　　因此这一结果证实了早先未被验证的推测，即，达到海弗利克极限的细胞不仅自身的不再正常运作。

　　they also have malign²⁰ effects on their otherwise healthy neighbours.

　　还会还会把负面的影响带给周围正常的细胞。

　　Regardless of the biochemical details, the most intriguing²¹ thing Dr Baker's result provides:

　　先不管其中生化方面的细节，Dr.Baker的实验结论最引人入胜的是：

　　is a new way of thinking about how to slow the process of ageing—and one that works with the grain of nature, rather than against it.

　　人类有了延缓衰老进程的新方法－与其抗衡，不如顺应自然法则。

　　Existing lines of inquiry²² into prolonging lifespan are based either on removing the Hayflick limit, which would have all sorts of untoward²³ consequences, or suppressing production of the oxidative chemicals that are believed to cause much of the cellular²⁴ damage which is bracketed together and labelled as senescence.

　　延长预期寿命现有的办法，一是通过消除细胞的海弗利克极限，这可能会出现各种不利的后果。

　　But these chemicals are a by-product²⁵ of the metabolic²⁶ activity that powers the body.

　　二是抑制体内氧化物水平。氧化物被认为是引起细胞损伤的元凶，和细胞衰老划等号的一个词，但这些化学物质本身就是给身体提供能量的代谢活动所产生的副产品。

　　If 4 billion years of natural selection have not dealt with them it suggests that suppressing them may have worse consequences than not suppressing them.

　　如果40亿年前的自然选择都没有摒弃这体内的代谢副产品，那就意味着抑制它们可能比不抑制它们所带来的后果更严重。

　　By contrast, actually eliminating senescent cells may be a logical extension of the process of shutting them down, and thus may not have adverse consequences.

　　相反的，真正的消除掉衰老细胞可能是延长机体细胞正常运作的一个符合逻辑的作法,也不会再有不利结果了。

　　It is not an elixir²⁷ of life, for eventually the body will run out of cells, as more and more of them reach their Hayflick limits.

　　世上没有生命可以长生不老，随着机体内越来越多的细胞到了自己的海弗利克极限，最终，机体也就到了消亡的那一天。

　　But it could be a way of providing a healthier and more robust²⁸ old age than people currently enjoy.

　　但是未来的我们可能会比现在更健康、更有活力的老去。

　　Genetically engineering people in the way that Dr Baker engineered his mice is obviously out of the question for the foreseeable future.

　　毫无疑问，在可预见的未来某天，Dr. Baker在小白鼠身上采用的基因技术就能应用在人类身上。

　　But if some other means of clearing cells rich in P16INK4A from the body could be found, it might have the desired effect.

　　但如果还能找到其它方法消除体内富含P16INK4A分子的细胞，那可能才是我们期望的效果。

　　The wasting and weakening of the tissues that accompanies senescence would be a thing of the past, and old age could then truly become ripe.

　　伴随着衰老而产生的机体组织耗损、衰弱都将成为过去，年老只意味着真正意义上的成熟！

　　1.counteract v.抵制；清除；中和；对抗

　　We must counteract extremism in the party.

　　我们应该抵制党内的极端主义。

　　2.extraordinary a.非凡的；特别的；特派的

　　He has an extraordinary memory.

　　他有非凡的记忆力。

　　3.significant a.重要的；有意义的；意味深长的

　　The question under discussion is significant.

　　讨论中的问题是重要的。

　　4.molecule n.分子；微粒

　　A molecule is made up of atoms.

　　分子由原子组成。

　　5.mechanism n.机制；原理

　　The WTO provides a mechanism for resolving trade disputes.

　　世贸组织提供了一种解决贸易争端的机制。

1 counteract   

vt.对…起反作用，对抗，抵消

参考例句：

• The doctor gave him some medicine to counteract the effect of the poison.医生给他些药解毒。
• Our work calls for mutual support.We shouldn't counteract each other's efforts.工作要互相支持，不要互相拆台。

2 gene   

n.遗传因子，基因

参考例句：

• A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
• The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。

3 genes   

n.基因( gene的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因，所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪

4 baker   

n.面包师

参考例句：

• The baker bakes his bread in the bakery.面包师在面包房内烤面包。
• The baker frosted the cake with a mixture of sugar and whites of eggs.面包师在蛋糕上撒了一层白糖和蛋清的混合料。

5 adverse   

adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的

参考例句：

• He is adverse to going abroad.他反对出国。
• The improper use of medicine could lead to severe adverse reactions.用药不当会产生严重的不良反应。

6 molecule   

n.分子，克分子

参考例句：

• A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈̬f婘̬ 妈̬成的。
• This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。

7 mechanism   

n.机械装置；机构，结构

参考例句：

• The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
• The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。

8 runaway   

n.逃走的人，逃亡，亡命者；adj.逃亡的，逃走的

参考例句：

• The police have not found the runaway to date.警察迄今没抓到逃犯。
• He was praised for bringing up the runaway horse.他勒住了脱缰之马受到了表扬。

9 tumour   

n.(tumor)(肿)瘤，肿块

参考例句：

• The surgeons operated on her for a tumour.外科医生为她施行了肿瘤切除手术。
• The tumour constricts the nerves.肿瘤压迫神经。

10 genetic   

adj.遗传的，遗传学的

参考例句：

• It's very difficult to treat genetic diseases.遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。
• Each daughter cell can receive a full complement of the genetic information.每个子细胞可以收到遗传信息的一个完全补偿物。

11 genetically   

adv.遗传上

参考例句：

• All the bees in the colony are genetically related. 同一群体的蜜蜂都有亲缘关系。
• Genetically modified foods have already arrived on American dinner tables. 经基因改造加工过的食物已端上了美国人的餐桌。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 基因与食物

12 aged   

adj.年老的，陈年的

参考例句：

• He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了，也老点了。
• He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老，然而记忆力还好。

13 DNA   

(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸

参考例句：

• DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
• Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。

14 killing   

n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财

参考例句：

• Investors are set to make a killing from the sell-off.投资者准备清仓以便大赚一笔。
• Last week my brother made a killing on Wall Street.上个周我兄弟在华尔街赚了一大笔。

15 proximity   

n.接近，邻近

参考例句：

• Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law.法律规定禁止近亲结婚。
• Their house is in close proximity to ours.他们的房子很接近我们的。

16 activated   

adj. 激活的 动词activate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• The canister is filled with activated charcoal.蒸气回收罐中充满了活性炭。

17 cataracts   

n.大瀑布( cataract的名词复数 )；白内障

参考例句：

• The rotor cataracts water over the top of the machines. 回转轮将水从机器顶上注入。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• Cataracts of rain flooded the streets. 倾盆大雨弄得街道淹水。 来自辞典例句

18 vessels   

n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人

参考例句：

• The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

19 previously   

adv.以前，先前（地）

参考例句：

• The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
• Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。

20 malign   

adj.有害的；恶性的；恶意的；v.诽谤，诬蔑

参考例句：

• It was easy to see why the cartoonists regularly portrayed him as a malign cherub.难怪漫画家总是把他画成一个邪恶的小天使。
• She likes to malign innocent persons.她爱诋毁那些清白的人。

21 intriguing   

adj.有趣的；迷人的v.搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的现在分词)；激起…的好奇心

参考例句：

• These discoveries raise intriguing questions. 这些发现带来了非常有趣的问题。
• It all sounds very intriguing. 这些听起来都很有趣。 来自《简明英汉词典》

22 inquiry   

n.打听，询问，调查，查问

参考例句：

• Many parents have been pressing for an inquiry into the problem.许多家长迫切要求调查这个问题。
• The field of inquiry has narrowed down to five persons.调查的范围已经缩小到只剩5个人了。

23 untoward   

adj.不利的，不幸的，困难重重的

参考例句：

• Untoward circumstances prevent me from being with you on this festive occasion.有些不幸的事件使我不能在这欢庆的时刻和你在一起。
• I'll come if nothing untoward happens.我要是没有特殊情况一定来。

24 cellular   

adj.移动的；细胞的，由细胞组成的

参考例句：

• She has a cellular telephone in her car.她的汽车里有一部无线通讯电话机。
• Many people use cellular materials as sensitive elements in hygrometers.很多人用蜂窝状的材料作为测量温度的传感元件。

25 by-product   

n.副产品，附带产生的结果

参考例句：

• Freedom is the by-product of economic surplus.自由是经济盈余的副产品。
• The raw material for the tyre is a by-product of petrol refining.制造轮胎的原材料是提炼汽油时产生的一种副产品。

26 metabolic   

adj.新陈代谢的

参考例句：

• Impressive metabolic alternations have been undergone during embryogenesis.在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。
• A number of intoxicants are associated with metabolic acidosis.许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。

27 elixir   

n.长生不老药，万能药

参考例句：

• There is no elixir of life in the world.世界上没有长生不老药。
• Keep your mind awake and active;that's the only youth elixir.保持头脑清醒和灵活便是保持年轻的唯一灵丹妙药。

28 robust   

adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的

参考例句：

• She is too tall and robust.她个子太高，身体太壮。
• China wants to keep growth robust to reduce poverty and avoid job losses,AP commented.美联社评论道，中国希望保持经济强势增长，以减少贫困和失业状况。