经济学人320:医学技术 肌肤之下

 　　Science and technology

　　科学技术

　　Medical technology

　　医学技术

　　Skin deep

　　肌肤之下

　　A better way to diagnose skin cancers

　　诊断皮肤癌的更好方法

　　DERMATOLOGISTS¹ are good at spotting unusual bits of skin that might or might not be cancers.

　　皮肤病医学家擅长发现一小块异常皮肤是否有患癌症的可能性。

　　Testing whether they actually are, though, is quite literally² a bloody³ pain.

　　但是，要检查出是否真患癌症的确会让人感到出血之痛。

　　For a piece of skin to be identified as malignant⁴ or benign⁵ it must be cut out and sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope.

　　因为要鉴定一块皮肤是恶性还是良性，就必须剪下来，然后送到实验室的显微镜下检验。

　　But a team of researchers led by Rainer Leitgeb, a physicist⁶ at the Medical University of Vienna, hope to change that.

　　但是，由维也纳医科大学物理学家Rainer Leitgeb带领的研究小组希望改变这个现状。

　　As they describe in Biomedical Optics Express, Dr Leitgeb and his colleagues are exploring a technique called optical coherence⁷ tomography, which they think will allow skin cancer to be diagnosed in situ.

　　正如他们在《生物医学快报》上所描述的那样，Leitgeb博士和他的同事正在探寻光学相干断层成像术。在他们看来，使用这种技术能在原皮肤上进行皮肤癌诊断。

　　OCT is a form of optical echolocation. It works by sending infra-red light into tissues and analysing what bounces back.

　　OCT的原理是光学回声定位，先向身体组织发射红外线，

　　The behaviour of the reflected rays yields information on the structures that they collided with.

　　然后再分析反射回来的红外线。

　　That, Dr Leitgeb hoped, could be used to generate a map of features just beneath the surface of the skin.

　　Leitgeb博士希望，这能用来绘制显示皮肤表面下特征的地图。

　　Similar technology has been employed for nearly two decades by eye doctors and Dr Leitgeb felt that, with a bit of tinkering, it should work for skin as well.

　　相似的技术应用于眼科已有将近二十年的历史。Leitgeb博士认为，经过小小的改进，也能用于皮肤科。

　　The OCT systems operated by ophthalmologists use low-power lasers which produce light with a wavelength⁸ of 850 nanometres.

　　眼科医生操作的OCT系统使用的是低功率激光器，能够发出850纳米波长的光线，这刚好超出了眼睛视杆视锥层可感光的范围。

　　That is just beyond the range detectable⁹ by the rods and cones¹⁰ of the eye, and is thus ideal for probing that organ without discomforting the patient.

　　因此，既能够完成眼睛检查而又不给病人带来不适感，用这种激光再合适不过了。

　　Skin, however, is insufficiently¹¹ transparent¹² at this wavelength, so one thing Dr Leitgeb had to do was change it.

　　但是，皮肤在这种波长下还不够透明，因此Leitgeb博士所要做的就是进行改变。

　　Another thing which had to change was the speed at which the laser operates. In the ophthalmological system, images are built up from a series of pulses.

　　除此之外，还需要改变激光器发射的速度。眼科用的是脉冲成像的方法。

　　The more of these the laser sends in, the more light returns to the device and the higher the resolution of the resulting image.

　　激光器发射进去的激光越多，反射出来的光线也就越多，所成像的分辨率也就越高。

　　However, that image must be built up quickly, otherwise movement of the tissue being illuminated¹³ will blur¹⁴ it.

　　但是，必须迅速建构图像，否则受到照射的组织就会运动，使图像变得模糊不清。

　　For eyes, between 20,000 and 60,000 bursts a second is enough.

　　用于眼镜检查的脉冲每秒2万至6万就足够了。

　　But to photograph blood vessels¹⁵ inside skin Dr Leitgeb knew more would be needed. In the end, he commissioned a group of researchers at Ludwig-Maximilians University in Germany to design an instrument which produces light with a wavelength of 1,300 nanometres and has the ability to fire 440,000 pulses a second.

　　博士最终委托德国慕尼黑大学的一个研究小组设计了能够每秒产生1300纳米波长、44万脉冲的激光器。

　　With their new laser in hand, Dr Leitgeb and his colleagues set up an experiment that let them test the system on a range of skin conditions, including a healthy human palm, allergy-induced eczema on the forearm, inflammation of the forehead, and two previously¹⁶ diagnosed cases of basal-cell carcinoma.

　　有了新的激光器，Leitgeb博士和他的同事就开始进行实验，在不同状况的皮肤上测试人的器官系统，包括无任何疾病的手掌，前臂上过敏引起的湿疹皮肤，前额上有炎症的皮肤以及之前诊断过的两例基底细胞癌。

　　They expected to see normal blood vessels in the healthy palm, increased perfusion caused by dilated¹⁷ and altered vessels in the eczema and the inflammation, and a chaotic¹⁸ jumble¹⁹ of vessels feeding the cancers.

　　他们期待看到的结果是：无疾病手掌下的血管是正常的；前臂上的湿疹和有炎症的前额下的血管由于扩张和形变造成了灌注量的增加；而为癌细胞供血的血管乱七八糟扭成一团。

　　And that is exactly what they did see.

　　他们所看到的结果也正是如此。

　　Moreover, the images of the vessels supplying blood to the tumours²⁰ were good enough to allow them to calculate blood-flow rates.

　　此外，供血给肿瘤的血管的图像十分清晰，他们还能计算出血流流速。

　　That, Dr Leitgeb suggests, could also help treatment by allowing doctors to identify the times during their development when tumours are most vulnerable to starvation by having their blood supply cut off.

　　博士认为，这对治疗也有帮助：医生能通过该方式鉴定肿瘤发展中最易因切断血液供给而饿死的阶段。

　　1.good at 善于

　　A good listener must be good at asking questions.

　　一个好的聆听者应该善于问问题。

　　Don't you think I'm good at it?

　　你不认为我很擅长玩这个吗?

　　2.cut out 停止；裁剪

　　Cut out everything that's not necessary, and you've got a more meaningful story.

　　将一切非必需的东西删去，你才能提炼出更有意义的故事。

　　First off, cut out the background head so we can work on our new one.

　　首先，删除背景中的旧脑袋，这样我们能更好地在新脑袋上作调整。

　　3.hope to 希望

　　Democrats²¹ hope to finish the draft in a week.

　　民主党人士希望在一周内完成该草案。

　　I really hope to find my prince charming soon.

　　我真希望能早点找到我的白马王子。

　　4.use to 过去常常

　　Mining has led to water polluted by mercury which miners use to separate the metal from river sediment²².

　　但开采者常用来从河沙中分离黄金的水银也导致了河水的污染。

　　What language would you use to speak to someone in mexico?

　　你和墨西哥人交谈的话用哪种语言呢？

1 dermatologists   

n.皮肤病学家( dermatologist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Today dermatologists agree that the experiments were not conducted well. 今天，皮肤病学者承认，当时的实验操作上有误。 来自互联网
• Dermatologists consistently recommend the low-cost old favorites, but of good-quality. 皮肤学家一致推荐物美价廉的老品牌。 来自互联网

2 literally   

adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实

参考例句：

• He translated the passage literally.他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。
• Sometimes she would not sit down till she was literally faint.有时候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，决不肯坐下来。

3 bloody   

adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染

参考例句：

• He got a bloody nose in the fight.他在打斗中被打得鼻子流血。
• He is a bloody fool.他是一个十足的笨蛋。

4 malignant   

adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的

参考例句：

• Alexander got a malignant slander.亚历山大受到恶意的诽谤。
• He started to his feet with a malignant glance at Winston.他爬了起来，不高兴地看了温斯顿一眼。

5 benign   

adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的

参考例句：

• The benign weather brought North America a bumper crop.温和的气候给北美带来大丰收。
• Martha is a benign old lady.玛莎是个仁慈的老妇人。

6 physicist   

n.物理学家，研究物理学的人

参考例句：

• He is a physicist of the first rank.他是一流的物理学家。
• The successful physicist never puts on airs.这位卓有成就的物理学家从不摆架子。

7 coherence   

n.紧凑；连贯；一致性

参考例句：

• There was no coherence between the first and the second half of the film.这部电影的前半部和后半部没有连贯性。
• Environmental education is intended to give these topics more coherence.环境教育的目的是使这些课题更加息息相关。

8 wavelength   

n.波长

参考例句：

• The authorities were unable to jam this wavelength.当局无法干扰这一波长。
• Radio One has broadcast on this wavelength for years.广播1台已经用这个波长广播多年了。

9 detectable   

adj.可发觉的；可查明的

参考例句：

• The noise is barely detectable by the human ear.人的耳朵几乎是察觉不到这种噪音的。
• The inflection point at this PH is barely detectable.在此PH值下，拐点不易发现。

10 cones   

n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒

参考例句：

• In the pines squirrels commonly chew off and drop entire cones. 松树上的松鼠通常咬掉和弄落整个球果。 来自辞典例句
• Many children would rather eat ice cream from cones than from dishes. 许多小孩喜欢吃蛋卷冰淇淋胜过盘装冰淇淋。 来自辞典例句

11 insufficiently   

adv.不够地，不能胜任地

参考例句：

• Your insurance card is insufficiently stamped. 你的保险卡片未贴足印花。 来自辞典例句
• Many of Britain's people are poorly dressed, badly housed, insufficiently nourished. 许多英国人衣着寒伧，居住简陋，营养不良。 来自互联网

12 transparent   

adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的

参考例句：

• The water is so transparent that we can see the fishes swimming.水清澈透明，可以看到鱼儿游来游去。
• The window glass is transparent.窗玻璃是透明的。

13 illuminated   

adj.被照明的；受启迪的

参考例句：

• Floodlights illuminated the stadium. 泛光灯照亮了体育场。
• the illuminated city at night 夜幕中万家灯火的城市

14 blur   

n.模糊不清的事物；vt.使模糊，使看不清楚

参考例句：

• The houses appeared as a blur in the mist.房子在薄雾中隐隐约约看不清。
• If you move your eyes and your head,the picture will blur.如果你的眼睛或头动了，图像就会变得模糊不清。

15 vessels   

n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人

参考例句：

• The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

16 previously   

adv.以前，先前（地）

参考例句：

• The bicycle tyre blew out at a previously damaged point.自行车胎在以前损坏过的地方又爆开了。
• Let me digress for a moment and explain what had happened previously.让我岔开一会儿，解释原先发生了什么。

17 dilated   

adj.加宽的，扩大的v.（使某物）扩大，膨胀，张大( dilate的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Her eyes dilated with fear. 她吓得瞪大了眼睛。
• The cat dilated its eyes. 猫瞪大了双眼。 来自《简明英汉词典》

18 chaotic   

adj.混沌的，一片混乱的，一团糟的

参考例句：

• Things have been getting chaotic in the office recently.最近办公室的情况越来越乱了。
• The traffic in the city was chaotic.这城市的交通糟透了。

19 jumble   

vt.使混乱，混杂；n.混乱；杂乱的一堆

参考例句：

• Even the furniture remained the same jumble that it had always been.甚至家具还是象过去一样杂乱无章。
• The things in the drawer were all in a jumble.抽屉里的东西很杂乱。

20 tumours   

肿瘤( tumour的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Blood vessels develop abnormally in cancer tumours. 在癌肿瘤中血管出现不正常。
• This apparatus scans patients' brains for tumours. 这台仪器扫描检查病人的脑瘤。

21 democrats   

n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The Democrats held a pep rally on Capitol Hill yesterday. 民主党昨天在国会山召开了竞选誓师大会。
• The democrats organize a filibuster in the senate. 民主党党员组织了阻挠议事。 来自《简明英汉词典》

22 sediment   

n.沉淀，沉渣，沉积(物)

参考例句：

• The sediment settled and the water was clear.杂质沉淀后，水变清了。
• Sediment begins to choke the channel's opening.沉积物开始淤塞河道口。