经济学人84:外国干扰该如何进退

 　　Still in Books and Arts; Book Review;Foreign interventions²;When to hold and when to fold;

　　文艺；书评；来自外国的干扰；来自外国的干扰究竟该如何进退；

　　Can Intervention¹ Work? By Rory Stewart and Gerald Knaus.

　　《干预有用吗？》Rory Steward³, Gerald Knaus合著。

　　Can we intervene in foreign countries and do good? Can we stop wars and genocides and get rid of evil dictators? Can we then build modern, democratic states that thrive in our wake? The answer depends on who you ask. An anti-Qaddafi Libyan will have nice things to say about NATO's role there right now. But you will get very different views from an Afghan, an Iraqi, a Bosnian or a Kosovar.

　　我们有权干预外国吗？我们的干预真的有利吗？我们能够阻止战争和屠杀吗？我们能够消灭掉那些邪恶的独裁者吗？我们能够激发他们的斗志，促使他们建造一个现代的民主国家吗？这些答案因人而异。谈起北约在推翻其政权中起到的重要作用，一个反对利比亚卡扎菲政权的人立即就滔滔不绝。但是如果你问一个阿富汗人，伊拉克人，波斯尼亚或是科索沃人，得到的答案就会大不相同。

　　Rory Stewart and Gerald Knaus are well placed to pose and answer these questions. Before Mr Stewart became a Conservative MP, he was a deputy governor of two Iraqi provinces. He also walked across Afghanistan and wrote a bestseller about the experience. Mr Knaus, a political economist⁴, runs the European Stability Initiative, a Berlin-based think-tank founded in Sarajevo in 1999, which has been particularly influential⁵ in the Balkans.

　　Rory Stewart 和 Gerald Knaus根据自身的经历，给出了合宜的答案。在Stewart成为一个保守党议员之前，他曾担任过伊拉克两个省的省长。他还曾横穿阿富汗，将自己的经历写成了书，并成为了畅销书。Knaus则是一名政治经济学家，他管理一家位于柏林的智库，叫作欧洲稳定计划。其于1999年创建于萨拉热窝，在巴尔干半岛各国特别有影响力。

　　The book is structured as two essays with a lengthy⁶ joint⁷ introduction. Mr Stewart has written a colourful account of his time in Afghanistan and his failed attempts to stop what he sees as a self- defeating build-up of ambitions, troops and plans. He skewers⁸ gobbledygook notions of bringing Afghans accountable governance and Western-style rule of law. It is not that he is against such things, but that he doubts the ability of foreigners to impose it all. He cites a pragmatic admonition from English Mountain Rescue: “Be prepared to turn back if conditions turn against you.”

　　本书由2片论文及一篇很长的合序构成。Stewart描绘了他在阿富汗时多姿多彩的生活，也写了他对阿富汗一系列的雄心壮志，军队的建立以及计划的制定的看法，认为这都是自拆台脚，他想要阻止却未能成功。他竭力讥讽那些官腔，说什么建立一个可信赖的阿富汗政府，引进西方式法治。他并不是反对这些做法，而是质疑外国人的执行力。他在此引用了英国高山救援队的一条朴实的警告；“如情况不利，请准备回程。”

　　Writing about Bosnia, Mr Knaus deploys⁹ heavy artillery¹⁰ in arguments that he has made before. Intervention there has been a stunning¹¹ success, he says, given the state of Bosnia at the end of its devastating¹² war in 1995. Hundreds of thousands of refugees have returned, not a single intervening soldier was killed (after the war), and today's problems are of the conventional political sort, not the kind that herald¹³ another war. Not only does Bosnia enjoy free and fair elections, but also it has relatively¹⁴ little crime. Mr Knaus argues that the only missteps came from assumptions held by those like Lord Ashdown, when he was de facto governor of Bosnia, that well-meaning envoys¹⁵ could behave like imperial viceroys, sacking elected yet obstructive leaders at will.

　　谈到波斯尼亚时，Knaus大量引用了他之前发表的观点，火力十足。鉴于那场1995年波斯尼亚发生的残酷的战争的结局，干预确实取得了惊人的成功，他说。成百上千的难民都回归故土，且没有一个外来士兵死于战后重建工作中。但是今天的问题是常规政治，并非预示着另一场战争的那种。不仅波斯尼亚有了公平自由的选举，而且犯罪也相对减少。Knaus认为，唯一的错处在于阿什当勋爵等人的错误假设。阿什当勋爵为波西尼亚实际领导人时，满怀善意的使者却能像帝国总督那样，任意将选举出来却碍手碍脚的领导人撤职。

　　From rather successful interventions, defined as Bosnia and Kosovo, the authors convey an important lesson: that is, the experience garnered¹⁶ in one place is generally not much use elsewhere. Bosnia was a success because the intervention came as part of the 1995 Dayton peace agreement, which ended the war and which all the exhausted¹⁷ sides committed themselves to. In Kosovo the vast majority of its people—ethnic Albanians, nearly all of them Muslims—were very grateful for what they saw as their America-led liberation from the Serbs. Mr Knaus also argues that the United Nations war-crimes tribunal was vital as a form of closure and for removing from the political scene characters such as Ratko Mladic, a Bosnian Serb general now on trial for genocide in The Hague.

　　从波斯尼亚、科索沃等干预的成功案例中，作者得出了一个重要的结论，那就是，从一处获得的经验多数时候在其他地方并不管用。波斯尼亚干预的成功是因对其干预是作为1995年代顿和平协议中的一部分提出的，协议旨在结束战争，而精疲力竭的双方也都愿意遵守。而在科索沃，大多数国民为阿尔巴尼亚人，几乎所有人都是穆斯林，他们十分感激美国领导他们从塞尔维亚人手中解放。Knaus还谈到，联合国军事法庭对于消灭拉特科·穆拉迪克这样的人至关重要。Ratko Mladic是波斯尼亚的塞尔维亚将军，如今因涉嫌种族灭绝而在海牙国家法庭受审。

　　So, does intervention work? As any Bosnian peasant may tell you, “maybe yes, maybe no.” It depends on the circumstances and requires modest ambitions. Muddle¹⁸ through with a sense of purpose, says Mr Knaus. Do what you can, where you can and no more, agrees Mr Stewart. In policy terms that sounds a bit like “yes” to Libya, “no” to Syria and so on.

　　那么，干预究竟是否有用呢？随便哪个波斯尼亚的农民都会这样告诉你，“可能有用吧，也可能没用。”它取决于现实情况，并且人们的目标也要合理。有目标地混日子，Knaus如是说道。你想做就做，能做就做，没别的了，Stewart以此表示赞成。从政策的角度来看，这似乎是在对利比亚称好，对叙利亚摇头之类的。

1 intervention   

n.介入，干涉，干预

参考例句：

• The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。
• Many people felt he would be hostile to the idea of foreign intervention.许多人觉得他会反对外来干预。

2 interventions   

n.介入，干涉，干预( intervention的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Economic analysis of government interventions deserves detailed discussion. 政府对经济的干预应该给予充分的论述。 来自辞典例句
• The judge's frequent interventions made a mockery of justice. 法官的屡屡干预是对正义的践踏。 来自互联网

3 steward   

n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员

参考例句：

• He's the steward of the club.他是这家俱乐部的管理员。
• He went around the world as a ship's steward.他当客船服务员，到过世界各地。

4 economist   

n.经济学家，经济专家，节俭的人

参考例句：

• He cast a professional economist's eyes on the problem.他以经济学行家的眼光审视这个问题。
• He's an economist who thinks he knows all the answers.他是个经济学家，自以为什么都懂。

5 influential   

adj.有影响的，有权势的

参考例句：

• He always tries to get in with the most influential people.他总是试图巴结最有影响的人物。
• He is a very influential man in the government.他在政府中是个很有影响的人物。

6 lengthy   

adj.漫长的，冗长的

参考例句：

• We devoted a lengthy and full discussion to this topic.我们对这个题目进行了长时间的充分讨论。
• The professor wrote a lengthy book on Napoleon.教授写了一部有关拿破仑的巨著。

7 joint   

adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合

参考例句：

• I had a bad fall,which put my shoulder out of joint.我重重地摔了一跤，肩膀脫臼了。
• We wrote a letter in joint names.我们联名写了封信。

8 skewers   

n.串肉扦( skewer的名词复数 )；烤肉扦；棒v.（用串肉扦或类似物）串起，刺穿( skewer的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Damaged skewers and clogged bobbin holder. 木锭子破损，纱管支架底座阻塞。 来自互联网
• I heard you really like mutton skewers and that you can eat 50 at one time. 听说你特别爱吃羊肉串儿，一次能吃五十串儿。 来自互联网

9 deploys   

（尤指军事行动）使展开( deploy的第三人称单数 )； 施展； 部署； 有效地利用

参考例句：

• It then deploys "decoy" programs designed to attract the virus. 然后，它释放“诱饵”去吸引病毒。
• But when that doesn't work, he deploys his secret defense mechanism. 但没有效果，它要施展绝密自卫武器了。

10 artillery   

n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队)

参考例句：

• This is a heavy artillery piece.这是一门重炮。
• The artillery has more firepower than the infantry.炮兵火力比步兵大。

11 stunning   

adj.极好的；使人晕倒的

参考例句：

• His plays are distinguished only by their stunning mediocrity.他的戏剧与众不同之处就是平凡得出奇。
• The finished effect was absolutely stunning.完工后的效果非常美。

12 devastating   

adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的

参考例句：

• It is the most devastating storm in 20 years.这是20年来破坏性最大的风暴。
• Affairs do have a devastating effect on marriages.婚外情确实会对婚姻造成毁灭性的影响。

13 herald   

vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎

参考例句：

• In England, the cuckoo is the herald of spring.在英国杜鹃鸟是报春的使者。
• Dawn is the herald of day.曙光是白昼的先驱。

14 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

15 envoys   

使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份

参考例句：

• the routine tit for tat when countries expel each other's envoys 国家相互驱逐对方使节这种惯常的报复行动
• Marco Polo's travelogue mentions that Kublai Khan sent envoys to Malgache. 马可波罗游记中提到忽必烈曾派使节到马尔加什。

16 garnered   

v.收集并（通常）贮藏（某物），取得，获得( garner的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Mr. Smith gradually garnered a national reputation as a financial expert. 史密斯先生逐渐赢得全国金融专家的声誉。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He has garnered extensive support for his proposals. 他的提议得到了广泛的支持。 来自辞典例句

17 exhausted   

adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的

参考例句：

• It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长，到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
• Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。

18 muddle   

n.困惑，混浊状态；vt.使混乱，使糊涂，使惊呆；vi.胡乱应付，混乱

参考例句：

• Everything in the room was in a muddle.房间里每一件东西都是乱七八糟的。
• Don't work in a rush and get into a muddle.克服忙乱现象。