经济学人135:索马里的青年党 为非洲之角而战

 　　Somalia's Shabab

　　索马里的青年党

　　The struggle for the Horn of Africa

　　为非洲之角而战

　　Bullet boys

　　子弹男孩

　　Al-Shabab in Somalia:The History and Ideology¹ of a Militant² Islamist Group, 2005-2012.By Stig Jarle Hansen.

　　索马里的青年党：一个激进伊斯兰组织的历史和思想体系，2005-2012

　　The World's Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw³ State of Somalia.By James Fergusson.

　　世界上最危险的地方：法外之国索马里的内情

　　IN 2005 three dozen Somalis formed a club of Islamists, soon dubbing⁴ themselves the Shabab. Chaos⁵ had reigned⁶ over Somalia for a generation and there had been no real government since the military ruler, Siad Barre, fell in 1991. But within a year or so, the Shabab was the dominant⁷ force within a loose coalition⁸ of Islamic courts that had sought with some grim success to impose order.

　　2005年60个索马里人组织了一个伊斯兰教徒俱乐部，不久他们标榜自己是Shabab。自1991年军事统治者西亚德·巴雷垮台之后，那里就没有真正的政府，混乱折磨索马里一代人之久。大概在一年之内，青年党成了松散的伊斯兰法庭联盟主导力量，为了维持秩序，这伙人不择手段。

　　非洲之角.jpg

　　By 2009 the Shabab, with a core of 5,000-odd fighters, had mastered a good half of the country and made most of the rest virtually ungovernable. Stig Jarle Hansen, the Norwegian author of one of two important new books explaining the rise of the Shabab, reckons it controlled an area “equal to the size of Denmark, with perhaps 5m inhabitants”. The Shabab, Mr Hansen believes, was then the world's only self-proclaimed al-Qaeda ally controlling large territories. Because of a far-flung Somali diaspora of nearly 2m in America , Britain, Kenya and Scandinavia, the Shabab's capacity for wreaking⁹ terror at home and abroad has frightened and flummoxed Western and African governments. These two books, “Al-Shabab in Somalia” and “The World's Most Dangerous Place”, are essential reading for those who seek to counter the menace.

　　2009年，青年党以5000个奇特的战士控制了该国一半以上的地方，剩下的地方实际上大部分处于无政府状态。挪威作家Stig Jarle Hansen的新作解释了青年党的壮大，他认为青年党控制的地盘和丹麦一样大，里面可能有5百万居民。Hansen先生相信青年党是世界上唯一的以基地盟友自居而且控制很多地盘的组织。因为有将近二百万的索马里人流散在美国、英国、肯尼亚和斯堪的那维亚半岛，青年党在国内外制造恐怖的能力使西方政府和非洲政府感到恐惧困惑。

　　James Fergussonhas written the more readable work. With ingenuity¹⁰ and no little courage he has travelled far and wide, within Somalia and among the Somali diaspora in Britain and America, delving¹¹ into the soul of a ravaged¹² community. Few if any foreigners in the past half-decade have reached so deeply into the territorial¹³ nooks and crannies of Somalia's myriad¹⁴ fiefs. Mr Hansen focuses on the complex ideological¹⁵ detours¹⁶ and military tactics of the Shabab from its inception¹⁷. His is a succinct¹⁸ and definitive¹⁹ if somewhat dry history.

　　James Fergusson写过更有可读性的著作。为了剖析这个遭受蹂躏的地区的灵魂，他凭着机智和非凡的勇气广游四方，他去过索马里，也采访过流散在英美的索马里人。在过去五十年里，几乎没有外国人像他那样深入到索马里众多割据地区的角角落落。Hansen先生自青年党成立之初就关注它复杂的思想形态和军事战术。从某种意义上说他用简洁明确的文字写了一本关于青年党的历史书。

　　Both authors agree that although the bloody-minded Shabab is probably on the road to containment²⁰ if not outright²¹ defeat, quite a lot of Somalis may still reluctantly accept it as the lesser²² of many evils. It certainly did better than its rivals at transcending²³ the bitter divisions between the clans²⁴, sub-clans and sub-sub-clans whose doggedly²⁵ lethal²⁶ loyalties²⁷ were a main cause of the country's fragmentation.

　　两个作家都认为如果不能将残忍的青年党彻底打败，遏制可能就是对付它的手段，很多索马里人可能仍然不情愿接受青年党，他们认为青年党是众多魔鬼中邪恶程度相对低的那个。索马里四分五裂，民不聊生，在宗族、亚氏族，三级氏族之间，青年党确实比自己的对手做得好，对部族的绝对忠诚是导致这个国家分裂的主要原因。

　　The Shabab is driven by local grievances²⁸ yet has global aspirations²⁹, helping³⁰ to stoke rebellion in such troubled places as northern Nigeria and Yemen. In the past two years the West has been trying to bolster³¹ a revamped government in Mogadishu, Somalia's capital, while accommodating the semi-autonomous fiefs to build what might become a workable federation³². Such efforts have been led by Britain's prime minister, David Cameron, who happens to be a close friend of Mr Fergusson. But Somalia is still one of the most dangerous countries in the world, and its people still among the most tragically³³ disturbed. The Shabab may be on the wane³⁴. But neither author predicts it will fade fast.

　　青年党受当地的怨愤力量推动，已经有了放眼环球的志向，它在发生动乱的地方协助平叛。过去两年里，西方视图在索马里首都摩加迪沙支持一个经过改进的政府，同时也可以协调半自治的割据地区组建一个能工作的联邦。英国首相戴维·卡梅伦已经将这个经验付诸行动。但是索马里仍然是世界上最危险的国家之一，它的人民还在遭受最惨痛的灾难。青年党可能会逐渐衰落，但是两个作家预测它衰退的速度不会太快。

　　1.focus on 致力于；使聚焦于

　　Many of these funds only focus on longer dated futures³⁵ contracts.

　　这些基金很多只关注期限较长的期货合约。

　　Do entrepreneurs put enough focus on customer relationships?

　　创业者给予客户关系的重视足够吗？

　　2.try to 试图,设法要

　　I try to get people to concentrate on why they win.

　　我设法让人们专心弄明白自己为什么会赢。

　　You need to try to find some common ground.

　　你需要设法找出你们之间的一些共同点。

　　3.happen to 碰巧；赶巧

　　Computers just happen to be one of those.

　　电脑恰好就是一种大脑自行车。

　　I happen to know of a few good ones!

　　我碰巧知道有那么几本不错的！

1 ideology   

n.意识形态，(政治或社会的)思想意识

参考例句：

• The ideology has great influence in the world.这种思想体系在世界上有很大的影响。
• The ideal is to strike a medium between ideology and inspiration.我的理想是在意识思想和灵感鼓动之间找到一个折衷。

2 militant   

adj.激进的，好斗的；n.激进分子，斗士

参考例句：

• Some militant leaders want to merge with white radicals.一些好斗的领导人要和白人中的激进派联合。
• He is a militant in the movement.他在那次运动中是个激进人物。

3 outlaw   

n.歹徒，亡命之徒；vt.宣布…为不合法

参考例句：

• The outlaw hid out in the hills for several months.逃犯在山里隐藏了几个月。
• The outlaw has been caught.歹徒已被抓住了。

4 dubbing   

n.配音v.给…起绰号( dub的现在分词 )；把…称为；配音；复制

参考例句：

• There are mainly two forms of film translation: dubbing and subtitling. 电影翻译通常主要表现为两种形式：配音和字幕翻译。 来自互联网
• Its auspices, dubbing the program has won national awards in China. 其主持配音的节目多次获得中国全国奖项。 来自互联网

5 chaos   

n.混乱，无秩序

参考例句：

• After the failure of electricity supply the city was in chaos.停电后，城市一片混乱。
• The typhoon left chaos behind it.台风后一片混乱。

6 reigned   

vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式）

参考例句：

• Silence reigned in the hall. 全场肃静。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Night was deep and dead silence reigned everywhere. 夜深人静，一片死寂。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

7 dominant   

adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因

参考例句：

• The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
• She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。

8 coalition   

n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合

参考例句：

• The several parties formed a coalition.这几个政党组成了政治联盟。
• Coalition forces take great care to avoid civilian casualties.联盟军队竭尽全力避免造成平民伤亡。

9 wreaking   

诉诸（武力），施行（暴力），发（脾气）( wreak的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Coal mining is a messy business, often wreaking terrible environmental damage nearby. 采矿是肮脏的行业，往往会严重破坏周边环境。
• The floods are wreaking havoc in low-lying areas. 洪水正在地势低洼地区肆虐。

10 ingenuity   

n.别出心裁；善于发明创造

参考例句：

• The boy showed ingenuity in making toys.那个小男孩做玩具很有创造力。
• I admire your ingenuity and perseverance.我钦佩你的别出心裁和毅力。

11 delving   

v.深入探究，钻研( delve的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He has been delving into the American literature of 20th century. 他一直在潜心研究美国20世纪文学。 来自互联网
• In some ways studying Beckett is like delving into Shakespeare's words. 在某些方面，研究Beckett的戯好像是深入研究莎士比亚的语句。 来自互联网

12 ravaged   

毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫

参考例句：

• a country ravaged by civil war 遭受内战重创的国家
• The whole area was ravaged by forest fires. 森林火灾使整个地区荒废了。

13 territorial   

adj.领土的，领地的

参考例句：

• The country is fighting to preserve its territorial integrity.该国在为保持领土的完整而进行斗争。
• They were not allowed to fish in our territorial waters.不允许他们在我国领海捕鱼。

14 myriad   

adj.无数的；n.无数，极大数量

参考例句：

• They offered no solution for all our myriad problems.对于我们数不清的问题他们束手无策。
• I had three weeks to make a myriad of arrangements.我花了三个星期做大量准备工作。

15 ideological   

a.意识形态的

参考例句：

• He always tries to link his study with his ideological problems. 他总是把学习和自己的思想问题联系起来。
• He helped me enormously with advice on how to do ideological work. 他告诉我怎样做思想工作，对我有很大帮助。

16 detours   

绕行的路( detour的名词复数 )； 绕道，兜圈子

参考例句：

• Local wars and bandits often blocked their travel, making countless detours necessary. 内战和盗匪也常阻挡他们前进，迫使他们绕了无数弯路。
• Could it be that all these detours had brought them to Moshi Pass? 难道绕来绕去，绕到磨石口来了吗？ 来自汉英文学 - 骆驼祥子

17 inception   

n.开端，开始，取得学位

参考例句：

• The programme has been successful since its inception.这个方案自开始实施以来一直卓有成效。
• Julia's worked for that company from its inception.自从那家公司开办以来，朱莉娅一直在那儿工作。

18 succinct   

adj.简明的，简洁的

参考例句：

• The last paragraph is a succinct summary.最后这段话概括性很强。
• A succinct style lends vigour to writing.措辞简练使文笔有力。

19 definitive   

adj.确切的，权威性的；最后的，决定性的

参考例句：

• This book is the definitive guide to world cuisine.这本书是世界美食的权威指南。
• No one has come up with a definitive answer as to why this should be so.至于为什么该这样，还没有人给出明确的答复。

20 containment   

n.阻止，遏制；容量

参考例句：

• Your list might include such things as cost containment,quality,or customer satisfaction.你的清单上应列有诸如成本控制、产品质量、客户满意程度等内容。
• Insularity and self-containment,it is argued,go hand in hand.他们争论说，心胸狭窄和自我封闭是并存的。

21 outright   

adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的

参考例句：

• If you have a complaint you should tell me outright.如果你有不满意的事，你应该直率地对我说。
• You should persuade her to marry you outright.你应该彻底劝服她嫁给你。

22 lesser   

adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地

参考例句：

• Kept some of the lesser players out.不让那些次要的球员参加联赛。
• She has also been affected,but to a lesser degree.她也受到波及，但程度较轻。

23 transcending   

超出或超越（经验、信念、描写能力等）的范围( transcend的现在分词 )； 优于或胜过…

参考例句：

• She felt herself transcending time and space. 她感到自己正在穿越时空。
• It'serves as a skeptical critic of the self-transcending element. 它对于超越自身因素起着一个怀疑论批评家的作用。

24 clans   

宗族( clan的名词复数 )； 氏族； 庞大的家族； 宗派

参考例句：

• There are many clans in European countries. 欧洲国家有很多党派。
• The women were the great power among the clans [gentes], as everywhere else. 妇女在克兰〈氏族〉里，乃至一般在任何地方，都有很大的势力。 来自英汉非文学 - 家庭、私有制和国家的起源

25 doggedly   

adv.顽强地，固执地

参考例句：

• He was still doggedly pursuing his studies.他仍然顽强地进行着自己的研究。
• He trudged doggedly on until he reached the flat.他顽强地、步履艰难地走着，一直走回了公寓。

26 lethal   

adj.致死的；毁灭性的

参考例句：

• A hammer can be a lethal weapon.铁锤可以是致命的武器。
• She took a lethal amount of poison and died.她服了致命剂量的毒药死了。

27 loyalties   

n.忠诚( loyalty的名词复数 )；忠心；忠于…感情；要忠于…的强烈感情

参考例句：

• an intricate network of loyalties and relationships 忠诚与义气构成的盘根错节的网络
• Rows with one's in-laws often create divided loyalties. 与姻亲之间的矛盾常常让人两面为难。 来自《简明英汉词典》

28 grievances   

n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚

参考例句：

• The trade union leader spoke about the grievances of the workers. 工会领袖述说工人们的苦情。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• He gave air to his grievances. 他申诉了他的冤情。 来自《简明英汉词典》

29 aspirations   

强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音

参考例句：

• I didn't realize you had political aspirations. 我没有意识到你有政治上的抱负。
• The new treaty embodies the aspirations of most nonaligned countries. 新条约体现了大多数不结盟国家的愿望。

30 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

31 bolster   

n.枕垫；v.支持，鼓励

参考例句：

• The high interest rates helped to bolster up the economy.高利率使经济更稳健。
• He tried to bolster up their morale.他尽力鼓舞他们的士气。

32 federation   

n.同盟，联邦，联合，联盟，联合会

参考例句：

• It is a federation of 10 regional unions.它是由十个地方工会结合成的联合会。
• Mr.Putin was inaugurated as the President of the Russian Federation.普京正式就任俄罗斯联邦总统。

33 tragically   

adv. 悲剧地，悲惨地

参考例句：

• Their daughter was tragically killed in a road accident. 他们的女儿不幸死于车祸。
• Her father died tragically in a car crash. 她父亲在一场车祸中惨死。

34 wane   

n.衰微，亏缺，变弱；v.变小，亏缺，呈下弦

参考例句：

• The moon is on the wane.月亮渐亏。
• Her enthusiasm for him was beginning to wane.她对他的热情在开始减退。

35 futures   

n.期货，期货交易

参考例句：

• He continued his operations in cotton futures.他继续进行棉花期货交易。
• Cotton futures are selling at high prices.棉花期货交易的卖价是很高的。