经济学人144:Gallagher之魂 源于神话的艺术

　　Gallagher's ghosts
Gallagher之魂
Art inspired by myth and stories
源于神话的艺术
ELLEN GALLAGHER was born in 1965 in Rhode Island, the daughter of an African-American father with ties to Cape¹ Verde in West Africa and an American-Irish mother. Now she divides her time between New York and Rotterdam. Ms Gallagher mines sci-fi, marine² biology and black history for her art, variously making use of cut-up paper, pencil, plasticine, printed matter, rubber, gold leaf and photogravure. It is out of this rich interbreeding of method and materials that her astonishing work arises.
ELLEN GALLAGHER，1965年出生于罗德岛，父亲是非洲裔美国人，曾居于西非佛得角，母亲则是爱尔兰裔美国人。如今她多往来于纽约和鹿特丹港市。Gallagher的艺术灵感多源于科幻、海洋生物学以及黑人历史。利用剪纸、铅笔、粘土、印刷品、橡胶、金箔、凹版印刷等各式各样的材料工具，她独创出了令人叹为观止的作品。
This summer two new Gallagher exhibitions will open, one on each side of the Atlantic. A substantial survey at Tate Modern in London will be followed by a 20-year retrospective at the New Museum in New York.
今夏在大西洋两岸将各举办一场Gallagher的新作展览会。伦敦泰特现代美术馆所做的大量探索研究将继续由纽约当代艺术馆以20年回顾展的名义进行。
Gallagher之魂.jpg
The first room at the Tate Modern show has been covered with ruled writing paper, a reminder³ of the importance that the line and the grid⁴ play in Ms Gallagher's work and of the inspiration of minimalist artists such as Agnes Martin and Sol LeWitt. This humble⁵ papering provides a formal background for her work and helps steer⁶ it away from pomposity⁷. But there is much more to Ms Gallagher's work than linear scaffolding—much to be read into it and much to be resisted, especially easy clichés about race or gender⁸.
泰特现代展览的第一间陈览室里挂满方格纸作品，可见Gallagher颇为青睐横格线条，并从Agnes Martin 、Sol LeWitt等极简抽象派艺术家那获得颇多的灵感。这种极简贴纸展现出匀称的布局，避免浮夸。但Gallagher的作品并不仅仅是组建线条，还有更多发人深省的隐藏讯息，类似于种族性别这种常谈之事。
Early works from the 1990s, such as “Untitled, 1992”, for instance, play with the red lips and white-ringed eyes that recall black and white minstrels. An abstract pattern emerges, then disembodied “golliwog” smiles. “Negroes Ask for German Colonies”takes its title from a phrase in an article that was written in 1919 by a Harlem radical⁹, Hubert Harrison, and which Ms Gallagher cuts into paper. Above the words is a grid of 20 female wig¹⁰ models with black, white and brown faces. The wigs¹¹, one named “Innocence” and another “Coquette”, are made from elaborately cut white paper. Pink plasticine curls emerge from the models' eyes. It is exquisitely¹² constructed and at the same time funny to behold¹³, alluding¹⁴ to the rise of American black consciousness and poking¹⁵ at the covert¹⁶ racism¹⁷ of so much consumer advertising¹⁸.
Gallagher 在其90年代的早期作品“Untitled, 1992”中，利用红唇与白环状眼眸的搭配唤起人们对纯粹的游吟诗人的回忆。先是抽象图案，再是出人意料的灵肉分离式的怪诞微笑。2002年的作品“Negroes Ask for German Colonies”得名于一篇文章中的短语，该文由Harlem radical, Hubert Harrison于1919年撰写。Gallagher将其刻于纸上。那是一组20位黑、白、棕面色的假发女郎方格图。名为“天真无邪”和“卖弄风情”的假发均由白色剪纸精心拼贴而成。女郎的双眸浮现出粉色的彩泥卷发。该作构思精巧，新潮逗趣，并意指美国黑人思潮运动的兴起，剑戳众多消费广告中暗涌的种族歧视。
The works Ms Gallagher calls the “Yellow paintings”—which include “Falls and Flips” from 2001 and “Double Natural” from the year after, as well as “Pomp-Bang”, which Ms Gallagher painted in 2003—take this theme further (detail pictured above). Each one is a monumental grid of 396 advertisements for wigs and other items, such as hair grease or skin-whitening cream, as well as illustrated¹⁹ articles from black magazines of the 1950s and 1960s, such as Ebony, Our World, or Black Stars. Each face wears an elaborate, fantastical yellow plasticine wig. What could be dry social history becomes exuberant²⁰ art-making.
Gallagher的“Yellow paintings”系列—包括2001年的“Falls and Flips”、2002年的“Double Natural”和2003年的“Pomp-Bang”—继续深入该种族的主题。每一格都是对396支假发、发胶、美白面霜等产品广告的纪念，是对五六十年代Ebony，Our World，或Black Stars等黑人杂志中插图的致敬。每一张面孔都戴着梦幻而精致的金色彩泥假发。谁能想到枯燥的社会史也能成为生机勃勃的艺术作品呢。
Ms Gallagher often folds historical characters into her work, including “Peg Leg” Bates, a one-legged tap dancer, and Eunice Rivers, a nurse who was implicated²¹ in the notorious Tuskegee syphilis experiment carried out on black Alabamans between 1932 and 1972. At the age of 20, sponsored by the Sea Education Association, Ms Gallagher spent some time aboard an oceanographic research vessel²² collecting, studying and drawing pteropods—microscopic wing-footed snails²³. This experience has combined with her interest in the myth of Drexciya, an underwater country peopled with the unborn babies of pregnant African slave women thrown overboard mid-Atlantic. It has generated an extraordinary body of work collectively entitled “Watery²⁴ Ecstatic”. Detailed²⁵ drawing, intricate paper cutting, and dreamy watery colour, together create a universe of strange sea creatures. They suggest an imagination gripped equally by precision and fluidity, by science and poetry, and a mind that feeds on the beauty of nature while being haunted at the same time by the many layers of human history.
Gallagher常在其作品中融入一些历史人物，包括“Peg Leg” Bates，一位独腿踢踏舞者；1932年至1972年，以阿拉巴马州的黑人为对象进行了臭名昭著的塔斯基吉梅毒实验，名为Eunice Rivers的护士卷入其中。通过海教协会的赞助，Gallagher 20岁时得以在海外学习海洋学，集舰，研究绘制翼足目动物—微小的翼足蜗牛。这一经历更是和她感兴趣的水城Drexciya，一群被推下甲板的怀有身孕的非洲奴隶居住在大西洋中央的传说，水乳交融。由此诞生了一组名为“Watery Ecstatic”的非凡佳作。细致入微的刻画，错综复杂的拼剪，梦幻的水彩色，共同造就了海洋生物的奇幻世界。精细性与流动性、科学性与诗意同时抓住人们的想象力，思绪浸食自然之美的同时又被人类历史的复杂多样困扰着。
“Bird in Hand”, the great 2006 work on paper that is owned by the Tate, also draws on these preoccupations, generating out of myth and marine biology the startling figure of a one-legged pirate standing²⁶ at the bottom of the ocean. His hair floats upwards²⁷ in the water in a baroque confection of seaweed made from card and paper, all painstakingly²⁸ cut by hand. His stump²⁹ has sprouted³⁰ seaweed. His black face is occluded³¹ by a white mask. This is a work that indulges in patterned beauty even as it freezes the spirit.
2006年的“Bird in Hand”，一幅所有权归泰特美术馆的杰作，同样利用这些勾魂摄魄的元素刻画出传奇的海洋生物、出人意料的人物形象，一个站在海底的独腿海盗。他的头发，以一团精细的巴洛克式纸片海藻的姿态漂浮在水面。这全是Gallagher煞费苦心的手工拼贴。他的假肢也萌生出一撮撮水藻。白色面具紧紧咬合他黑色的面孔。即使寒从心起这也是一幅令人沉溺于精美纹路的作品。
Many of the works exhibited, including the films she has made with her longtime collaborator³², Edgar Cleijne, and the double-sided paintings called “Morphia”, reveal a determination to express complexity³³ through an elaborate process of making. Canvasses³⁴ are built up in collaged³⁵ layers. Mysterious, balletic animations³⁶ are projected alongside archival film that has been doctored to produce strange new narratives³⁷. The paper Ms Gallagher uses is meticulously³⁸ drawn³⁹ on, painted, cut, stuck, pierced, both on the front and the back, and then hung in glass boxes. Her works are dense⁴⁰ with thought, but thought transformed by intensive creative workmanship into something rich and strange.
被展出的众多作品中，还有她与长期合作伙伴Edgar Cleijne共同拍摄的影片，及双面画作“Morphia”，这幅作品力图通过精巧错综的创作过程揭露其复杂性。多层抽象拼贴的效果极具说服力。神秘莫测的芭蕾舞式动画制作与剪辑过的档案电影共同创造出了新异的故事。Gallagher所选纸张的正反面均经过精心绘制、裁剪、拼接，最后才挂上玻璃画框。她的作品寓意繁多，通过别出心裁的手工将那些思想付诸于天马行空的画作。
“Ellen Gallagher: AxME” is at Tate Modern in London until September 1st. It will travel to the Sara Hildén Art Museum in Tampere, Finland, in the autumn and to the Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany, in 2014. “Don't Axe⁴¹ Me” will be at the New Museum in New York from June 19th until September 15th.
“Ellen Gallaghe：AxME正于伦敦泰特现代美术馆展出，9月1日截止。秋季展将在芬兰坦佩雷的Sara Hildén 美术馆举办。2014年在德国慕尼黑的Haus der Kunst展出。“Don't Axe Me”将于六月19日至9月15日在纽约New Museum展出。

1 cape   

n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风

参考例句：

• I long for a trip to the Cape of Good Hope.我渴望到好望角去旅行。
• She was wearing a cape over her dress.她在外套上披着一件披肩。

2 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

3 reminder   

n.提醒物，纪念品；暗示，提示

参考例句：

• I have had another reminder from the library.我又收到图书馆的催还单。
• It always took a final reminder to get her to pay her share of the rent.总是得发给她一份最后催缴通知，她才付应该交的房租。

4 grid   

n.高压输电线路网；地图坐标方格；格栅

参考例句：

• In this application,the carrier is used to encapsulate the grid.在这种情况下，要用载体把格栅密封起来。
• Modern gauges consist of metal foil in the form of a grid.现代应变仪则由网格形式的金属片组成。

5 humble   

adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低

参考例句：

• In my humble opinion,he will win the election.依我拙见，他将在选举中获胜。
• Defeat and failure make people humble.挫折与失败会使人谦卑。

6 steer   

vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶

参考例句：

• If you push the car, I'll steer it.如果你来推车，我就来驾车。
• It's no use trying to steer the boy into a course of action that suits you.想说服这孩子按你的方式行事是徒劳的。

7 pomposity   

n.浮华；虚夸；炫耀；自负

参考例句：

• He hated pomposity and disliked being called a genius. 他憎恶自负的作派，而且不喜欢被称为天才。 来自辞典例句
• Nothing could deflate his ego/pomposity, ie make him less self-assured or pompous. 任何事都不能削弱他的自信心[气焰]。 来自辞典例句

8 gender   

n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性

参考例句：

• French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。
• Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

9 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

10 wig   

n.假发

参考例句：

• The actress wore a black wig over her blond hair.那个女演员戴一顶黑色假发罩住自己的金黄色头发。
• He disguised himself with a wig and false beard.他用假发和假胡须来乔装。

11 wigs   

n.假发，法官帽( wig的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• They say that wigs will be coming in again this year. 据说今年又要流行戴假发了。 来自辞典例句
• Frank, we needed more wigs than we thought, and we have to do some advertising. 弗兰克，因为我们需要更多的假发，而且我们还要做点广告。 来自电影对白

12 exquisitely   

adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地

参考例句：

• He found her exquisitely beautiful. 他觉得她异常美丽。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He wore an exquisitely tailored gray silk and accessories to match. 他穿的是做工非常考究的灰色绸缎衣服，还有各种配得很协调的装饰。 来自教父部分

13 behold   

v.看，注视，看到

参考例句：

• The industry of these little ants is wonderful to behold.这些小蚂蚁辛勤劳动的样子看上去真令人惊叹。
• The sunrise at the seaside was quite a sight to behold.海滨日出真是个奇景。

14 alluding   

提及，暗指( allude的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He didn't mention your name but I was sure he was alluding to you. 他没提你的名字，但是我确信他是暗指你的。
• But in fact I was alluding to my physical deficiencies. 可我实在是为自己的容貌寒心。

15 poking   

n. 刺，戳，袋 vt. 拨开，刺，戳 vi. 戳，刺，捅，搜索，伸出，行动散慢

参考例句：

• He was poking at the rubbish with his stick. 他正用手杖拨动垃圾。
• He spent his weekends poking around dusty old bookshops. 他周末都泡在布满尘埃的旧书店里。

16 covert   

adj.隐藏的；暗地里的

参考例句：

• We should learn to fight with enemy in an overt and covert way.我们应学会同敌人做公开和隐蔽的斗争。
• The army carried out covert surveillance of the building for several months.军队对这座建筑物进行了数月的秘密监视。

17 racism   

n.民族主义；种族歧视(意识)

参考例句：

• He said that racism is endemic in this country.他说种族主义在该国很普遍。
• Racism causes political instability and violence.种族主义道致政治动荡和暴力事件。

18 advertising   

n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的

参考例句：

• Can you give me any advice on getting into advertising? 你能指点我如何涉足广告业吗?
• The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people. 这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。

19 illustrated   

adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• His lecture was illustrated with slides taken during the expedition. 他在讲演中使用了探险时拍摄到的幻灯片。
• The manufacturing Methods: Will be illustrated in the next chapter. 制作方法将在下一章说明。

20 exuberant   

adj.充满活力的；（植物）繁茂的

参考例句：

• Hothouse plants do not possess exuberant vitality.在温室里培养出来的东西，不会有强大的生命力。
• All those mother trees in the garden are exuberant.果园里的那些母树都长得十分茂盛。

21 implicated   

adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的

参考例句：

• These groups are very strongly implicated in the violence. 这些组织与这起暴力事件有着极大的关联。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Having the stolen goods in his possession implicated him in the robbery. 因藏有赃物使他涉有偷盗的嫌疑。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

22 vessel   

n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管

参考例句：

• The vessel is fully loaded with cargo for Shanghai.这艘船满载货物驶往上海。
• You should put the water into a vessel.你应该把水装入容器中。

23 snails   

n.蜗牛；迟钝的人；蜗牛( snail的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• I think I'll try the snails for lunch—I'm feeling adventurous today. 我想我午餐要尝一下蜗牛——我今天很想冒险。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Most snails have shells on their backs. 大多数蜗牛背上有壳。 来自《简明英汉词典》

24 watery   

adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的

参考例句：

• In his watery eyes there is an expression of distrust.他那含泪的眼睛流露出惊惶失措的神情。
• Her eyes became watery because of the smoke.因为烟熏，她的双眼变得泪汪汪的。

25 detailed   

adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的

参考例句：

• He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
• A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。

26 standing   

n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的

参考例句：

• After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
• They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。

27 upwards   

adv.向上，在更高处...以上

参考例句：

• The trend of prices is still upwards.物价的趋向是仍在上涨。
• The smoke rose straight upwards.烟一直向上升。

28 painstakingly   

adv. 费力地 苦心地

参考例句：

• Every aspect of the original has been closely studied and painstakingly reconstructed. 原作的每一细节都经过了仔细研究，费尽苦心才得以重现。
• The cause they contrived so painstakingly also ended in failure. 他们惨淡经营的事业也以失败而告终。

29 stump   

n.残株，烟蒂，讲演台；v.砍断，蹒跚而走

参考例句：

• He went on the stump in his home state.他到故乡所在的州去发表演说。
• He used the stump as a table.他把树桩用作桌子。

30 sprouted   

v.发芽( sprout的过去式和过去分词 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出

参考例句：

• We can't use these potatoes; they've all sprouted. 这些土豆儿不能吃了，都出芽了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The rice seeds have sprouted. 稻种已经出芽了。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

31 occluded   

v.堵塞( occlude的过去式和过去分词 )；阻隔；吸收（气体）

参考例句：

• Lymphatics are occluded with fibrin. 淋巴管受纤维蛋白阻塞。 来自辞典例句
• A blood clot occluded an artery to the heart. 血块阻塞动脉的核心。 来自互联网

32 collaborator   

n.合作者，协作者

参考例句：

• I need a collaborator to help me. 我需要个人跟我合作，帮我的忙。
• His collaborator, Hooke, was of a different opinion. 他的合作者霍克持有不同的看法。

33 complexity   

n.复杂(性)，复杂的事物

参考例句：

• Only now did he understand the full complexity of the problem.直到现在他才明白这一问题的全部复杂性。
• The complexity of the road map puzzled me.错综复杂的公路图把我搞糊涂了。

34 canvasses   

n.检票员，游说者，推销员( canvass的名词复数 )v.（在政治方面）游说( canvass的第三人称单数 )；调查（如选举前选民的）意见；为讨论而提出（意见等）；详细检查

参考例句：

• He canvasses by singing, and the votes have really increased a lot. 他唱歌为自己拉票，票数还真是增长了不少呢。 来自互联网
• Even the canvasses on the restaurant's walls are up for sale. 连餐厅墙上的绘画作品也能出售。 来自互联网

35 collaged   

vt.拼贴（collage的过去式与过去分词形式）

参考例句：

• The units are collaged together by a serial tectonic spatially and temporally. 这些构造单元是由构造原因，依一定的时空序列拼贴在一起的。 来自互联网

36 animations   

n.生气( animation的名词复数 )；兴奋；动画片；（指电影、录像、电脑游戏的）动画制作

参考例句：

• You'll see your team cheerleaders and mascot performing new animations as well. 你会看到啦啦队队长跟吉祥物也都会有全新的动作。 来自互联网
• Ability to create simple movie and animations using graphic & multimedia software. 能够用平面和多媒体软件制作简单的电影及动画。 来自互联网

37 narratives   

记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分

参考例句：

• Marriage, which has been the bourne of so many narratives, is still a great beginning. 结婚一向是许多小说的终点，然而也是一个伟大的开始。
• This is one of the narratives that children are fond of. 这是孩子们喜欢的故事之一。

38 meticulously   

adv.过细地，异常细致地；无微不至；精心

参考例句：

• The hammer's silvery head was etched with holy runs and its haft was meticulously wrapped in blue leather. 锤子头是纯银制成的，雕刻着神圣符文，而握柄则被精心地包裹在蓝色的皮革中。 来自辞典例句
• She is always meticulously accurate in punctuation and spelling. 她的标点和拼写总是非常精确。 来自辞典例句

39 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。

40 dense   

a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的

参考例句：

• The general ambushed his troops in the dense woods. 将军把部队埋伏在浓密的树林里。
• The path was completely covered by the dense foliage. 小路被树叶厚厚地盖了一层。

41 axe   

n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减

参考例句：

• Be careful with that sharp axe.那把斧子很锋利，你要当心。
• The edge of this axe has turned.这把斧子卷了刃了。