经济学人:伦敦效应 英国正步入种族多样化

 　　Britain Measuring diversity

　　英国 衡量种族多样化

　　The London effect

　　伦敦效应

　　Britain is becoming more like its capital city

　　英国渐渐成为一个大都市

　　Milton Keynes, a new town of 249,000 people some 50 miles from London, is famous among Britons for its American-style road grid¹, its bright high-modernist shopping mall and an unfortunate sculpture of cows made in concrete and fibreglass. But these pleasant and dull acres of suburbia have become a lot more colourful of late. Competing with the chain stores of the mall, there is now a collection of stalls selling African and Asian food. In the sun of a weekday afternoon, women in multicoloured kaftans gossip in the spacious² squares and underpasses. Milton Keynes now has some of the “vibrancy” of multicultural³ London.

　　米尔顿凯恩斯（MILTON KEYNES）这个新兴小镇，离伦敦只有50米，拥有249,000人口，其美国风格的道路布局，明亮超级摩登的购物商场，用混泥土和玻璃纤维做的不吉利的牛群雕塑，在英国人中很有名。但是这些愉快，沉闷的郊区已不再是过去五颜六色的美景了。现在有许多商店与商场里的连锁商店竞争卖亚非特产。 在一个平日阳光灿烂的下午，女人们身着土耳其长袍在宽阔的广场，低下通道聊天。米尔顿凯恩斯现在带有一些多彩的伦敦的活力。

　　On December 11th the latest batch⁴ of data from the 2011 census⁵ of Englandand Wale swas published (Scotland and Northern Ireland collect figures separately). As was widely anticipated, this showed a big increase in the number of people who say they belong to an ethnic⁶ minority, or were born somewhere other than Britain. Those who define themselves as “white British” now make up just 81% of the population, down from 88% in 2001, when the last census was conducted. Britainis also less religious than it was: around a quarter of people now say they have no religion, up from about 15% a decade earlier.

　　11月11日，2011年英国和威尔士人口普查的最新数据公布（苏格兰，北爱尔兰的数据分开公布）。如广泛预测的一样，声称属于少数民族或者非英籍人的数量大幅增长。与上次2001年的人口普查相比，自认为“白种英国人”的数量从当时的88%下降到现在的 81%。同以前相比，有宗教信仰的英国人比以前少：早在10年前大约15%的人没有宗教信仰，而现在大约是1/3。

　　But beneath these broad trends the data reveal a more subtle pattern. In 2001 fully⁷ 45% of the minority population of England and Wales lived in London. Now, they are more spread out. As the maps below show, in London ethnic minorities have diffused⁸ from inner-city boroughs¹⁰ such as Newham and Tower Hamlets into farther-out places like Barking and Dagenham. Meanwhile, the rest of the country is coming to look more like London: less white, more diverse.

　　但是在这些大的趋势外，人口普查数据也揭露了一个更加微妙的模式。2001年，英国、威尔士中的少数人口中足足有45%住在伦敦。现在，他们都分散出去了。如下面地图所显示的，居住在伦敦的少数民族从像纽汉、陶尔哈姆莱茨区，这些内陆城市分散出来，搬到比如巴金区、达格南这些偏远的地方。同时，英国其他的地方渐渐开始更像伦敦：白人变少了，人种越来越多元化。

　　In 2001 around 80% of black Africans in the country lived in London. Now, just 58% do. There have been similar, if smaller, reductions for every other main ethnic group, even those not thought to have dispersed¹¹ much, such as Bangladeshis. Overall, the ethnic-minority population outside London has increased by 90%, against a more modest rise of 63% in the capital.

　　2001年，英国大约80%的非洲黑人住在伦敦，而现在仅有58%。在其它主要的种族中，也出现了类似的减少，也许更少，即使有些被认为没有分散的很多种族，比如孟加拉国的人。总之，伦敦外的少数民族人口增长了90%，而伦敦的只稍微增加了63%。

　　In Kent, an affluent¹² county south of London, the size of the ethnic-minority population has grown by 115% since 2001, albeit¹³ from a low base. In Hertfordshire, a rural and suburban¹⁴ county north of London, it has doubled. Many of the incomers are moving into Milton Keynes-esque places such as Ashford, in Kent, and Welwyn Garden City, in Hertfordshire. These towns have boxy houses, rational road layouts, plentiful¹⁵ but not especially distinguished¹⁶ greenery, and “herringbone” brick paving. Local politics revolves¹⁷ around blocking development on greenbelt land.

　　伦敦南部一个富裕的小镇肯尼（Kent），尽管一开始起步低，但2001年来少数民族的人口增长了115%。 而伦敦北部一个乡下郊区小镇赫特福德郡（Hertfordshire），少数人口数量翻了一番。很多人都搬到了一些比如肯尼的阿什福德，赫特福德郡的韦林花园城。这些城镇有方正型的房子，随意的道路布局，许多但不特别分部的绿化植物和人字铺砖。当地的政策围绕着阻碍绿地发展的项目。

　　It is not hard to see why ethnic minorities are moving to these towns. There is little crime. Schools are pretty good. Housing is far cheaper than in London, while speedy transport links make it easy to return. The main newcomers are black Africans and Indians from London, as well as Poles, who have settled all over the country since 2004, when the citizens of new members of the European Union were allowed to work in Britain. Similar trends are visible elsewhere. In Solihull, a well-heeled suburban town on the southern fringe of Birmingham, there has been an influx¹⁸ of Indians and Pakistanis since 2001; in less-wealthy Salford, near Manchester, black Africans have moved in.

　　不难理解为什么这些少数民族搬到这些小镇。这里犯罪少，学校特别棒。房价比伦敦低得多，但快捷的交通方式使从伦敦到这些小镇很方便。主要的新移民是来自伦敦的非洲黑人，印第安人，还有定居在全国各地的波兰人（2004年，英国允许欧盟新的成员国居民在这工作）。类似的人口迁徙潮在哪里都可以看到。坐落在伯明翰南部边缘的一个富裕的郊区小镇索利哈尔（ Solihull），自2001年来就有印第安人和巴基斯坦人涌入。

　　The flight to the suburbs is changing inner London too. Lambeth, a south London borough⁹, has long been known as the first home of the capital’s black-Caribbean population: the passengers of the Empire Windrush mostly settled there in 1948. But since 2001 black Caribbeans have moved out while Africans have moved in. Shop displays advertise cheap money transfers and phone calls to Ghana and Nigeria. The influx of Africans partly helps to explain why, despite a huge fall in the number of people describing themselves as “Christian” nationwide, Lambeth, together with a few other London boroughs, has managed to increase its tally¹⁹ of the faithful.

　　飞往郊区的航班也改变了伦敦内部格局。伦敦南部自治区朗伯斯区（Lambeth）长期以来一直被认为是伦敦加勒比人的第一所在地，1948年帝国疾风号的乘客大部分在这定居。但自从2001年加勒比黑人迁徙出去，而非洲人在这落根。商店里陈列着便宜的钱币兑换广告，可以打到加纳和尼日利亚的公共电话。尽管在全国自称“信仰基督教”的人大幅度下降，但非洲人的涌入部分上解释了为什么，朗伯斯区和伦敦其它的自治州努力提高自身的忠实程度。

　　Taken with the rapid overall increase in immigrants in the past decade or so, this dispersal may be one reason why immigration has become so controversial. In many of the suburban places migrants are moving to, white British folk are seeing foreign faces in large numbers for the first time. Existing residents often resent the newcomers, who compete for school places, doctors’ appointments and public housing. Politicians are rushing to call for cuts to immigration. On December 12th Theresa May, the Conservative home secretary, denounced “uncontrolled, mass immigration”, which “displaces British workers, forces people onto benefits and suppresses wages for the low-paid”.

　　过去的10年内总移民量飞速上升，可能是导致移民变得如此有争议的原因之一。在许多郊区地方移民者涌入，白种英国人第一次看到这么多的外国人。现有居民通常反感新来者，他们会抢夺学校名额，医生的预约，公共住房。政客们都纷纷呼吁减少移民。12月12日，保守党内阁大臣特雷莎·梅（ Theresa May）谴责“不受控制的、大量的移民”，这取代了英国人的工作，迫使他们依赖救济金生活，并压抑了低收入者的薪水。

　　But other evidence suggests that most migrants and children of migrants are integrating effectively. The number of people who say they are of mixed ethnicity has almost doubled, from 661,000 in 2001 to 1.2m. According to Sunder²¹ Katwala, the director of British Future, a think-tank, mixed couples are now more common in Britain than almost anywhere else, including the United States. And despite the increasing diversity, 91% of people filling out their census form claimed some sort of British national identity, calling themselves English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or indeed British, sometimes with ethnic additions.

　　但是其它证据表明大部分移民人及其子女有效的聚集在一起。自称是混合种族的人数几乎翻了一番，从2001年的661,000增长到现在的120万。智囊团英国未来的秘书长德·卡特瓦拉（Sunder Katwala）认为，英国的跨种族结婚的夫妻比世界上任何地方都多，包括美国。尽管种族多样性不断上升，但91%的人在填写人口普查表时声称多少有些英国国籍，把自己叫做英国人，威尔士人，苏格兰人，北爱尔兰人，或者真正地英国人，有时加上民族。

　　According to the Oxford²² Migration²⁰ Observatory²³, a think-tank, opposition²⁴ to immigration is weaker in London, where different groups have lived cheek-by-jowl for centuries, than in the rest of the country, even among white-British Londoners. Boris Johnson, its mayor, lauds²⁵ the benefits of open borders. Contrary to Ms May’s suggestion, growing diversity need not mean lack of cohesion²⁶, or strife²⁷. Indeed, if the rest of Britain follows London’s path, it may well eventually reduce them.

　　据智囊团牛津移民观察会称，与其它城市相比，伦敦人不喜欢移民者的情绪较弱，即使是在白种的英国伦敦居民中。因为几个世纪以来不同种族的人拥挤地生活在一起。伦敦市长约翰逊·鲍里斯（Boris Johnson）赞美了开放边界的好处。与市长建议相反的是，多样化增长的需要不意味着凝聚力，冲突的缺失。真正地，如果英国的其它城市效仿伦敦的模式，英国也许最终会减少凝聚力和冲突。

　　1.chain stores 连锁商店

　　例句:We have very good connections with wholesalers, chain stores, and distributors.

　　我们和批发商、连锁店以及分销商的关系都很好。

　　2.lack of 缺少；缺乏

　　例句:Lack of education was a liability in getting a job.

　　缺少教育对找工作不利。

　　3.fill out 填写；变大

　　例句:It took me quite a while to fill out the questionnaire.

　　填写那份问卷花了我好长一段时间。

　　4.spread out 伸开；展开

　　例句:The Victory Oil Field spread out before us.

　　胜利油田展现在我们的面前。

1 grid   

n.高压输电线路网；地图坐标方格；格栅

参考例句：

• In this application,the carrier is used to encapsulate the grid.在这种情况下，要用载体把格栅密封起来。
• Modern gauges consist of metal foil in the form of a grid.现代应变仪则由网格形式的金属片组成。

2 spacious   

adj.广阔的，宽敞的

参考例句：

• Our yard is spacious enough for a swimming pool.我们的院子很宽敞，足够建一座游泳池。
• The room is bright and spacious.这房间很豁亮。

3 multicultural   

adj.融合多种文化的，多种文化的

参考例句：

• Children growing up in a multicultural society.在多元文化社会中长大的孩子们。
• The school has been attempting to bring a multicultural perspective to its curriculum.这所学校已经在尝试将一种多元文化视角引入其课程。

4 batch   

n.一批(组，群)；一批生产量

参考例句：

• The first batch of cakes was burnt.第一炉蛋糕烤焦了。
• I have a batch of letters to answer.我有一批信要回复。

5 census   

n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查

参考例句：

• A census of population is taken every ten years.人口普查每10年进行一次。
• The census is taken one time every four years in our country.我国每四年一次人口普查。

6 ethnic   

adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的

参考例句：

• This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏，这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
• The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。

7 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

8 diffused   

散布的，普及的，扩散的

参考例句：

• A drop of milk diffused in the water. 一滴牛奶在水中扩散开来。
• Gases and liquids diffused. 气体和液体慢慢混合了。

9 borough   

n.享有自治权的市镇；(英)自治市镇

参考例句：

• He was slated for borough president.他被提名做自治区主席。
• That's what happened to Harry Barritt of London's Bromley borough.住在伦敦的布罗姆利自治市的哈里.巴里特就经历了此事。

10 boroughs   

（尤指大伦敦的）行政区( borough的名词复数 )； 议会中有代表的市镇

参考例句：

• London is made up of 32 boroughs. 伦敦由三十二个行政区组成。
• Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City. 布鲁克林区是纽约市的五个行政区之一。

11 dispersed   

adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的

参考例句：

• The clouds dispersed themselves. 云散了。
• After school the children dispersed to their homes. 放学后，孩子们四散回家了。

12 affluent   

adj.富裕的，富有的，丰富的，富饶的

参考例句：

• He hails from an affluent background.他出身于一个富有的家庭。
• His parents were very affluent.他的父母很富裕。

13 albeit   

conj.即使；纵使；虽然

参考例句：

• Albeit fictional,she seemed to have resolved the problem.虽然是虚构的，但是在她看来好象是解决了问题。
• Albeit he has failed twice,he is not discouraged.虽然失败了两次，但他并没有气馁。

14 suburban   

adj.城郊的，在郊区的

参考例句：

• Suburban shopping centers were springing up all over America. 效区的商业中心在美国如雨后春笋般地兴起。
• There's a lot of good things about suburban living.郊区生活是有许多优点。

15 plentiful   

adj.富裕的，丰富的

参考例句：

• Their family has a plentiful harvest this year.他们家今年又丰收了。
• Rainfall is plentiful in the area.这个地区雨量充足。

16 distinguished   

adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的

参考例句：

• Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。
• A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。

17 revolves   

v.（使）旋转( revolve的第三人称单数 )；细想

参考例句：

• The earth revolves both round the sun and on its own axis. 地球既公转又自转。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Thus a wheel revolves on its axle. 于是，轮子在轴上旋转。 来自《简明英汉词典》

18 influx   

n.流入，注入

参考例句：

• The country simply cannot absorb this influx of refugees.这个国家实在不能接纳这么多涌入的难民。
• Textile workers favoured protection because they feared an influx of cheap cloth.纺织工人拥护贸易保护措施，因为他们担心涌入廉价纺织品。

19 tally   

n.计数器，记分，一致，测量；vt.计算，记录，使一致；vi.计算，记分，一致

参考例句：

• Don't forget to keep a careful tally of what you spend.别忘了仔细记下你的开支账目。
• The facts mentioned in the report tally to every detail.报告中所提到的事实都丝毫不差。

20 migration   

n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙

参考例句：

• Swallows begin their migration south in autumn.燕子在秋季开始向南方迁移。
• He described the vernal migration of birds in detail.他详细地描述了鸟的春季移居。

21 sunder   

v.分开；隔离；n.分离，分开

参考例句：

• Lightning tore the tree in sunder.闪电把树劈成两半。
• Nothing can sunder our friendship.什么也不能破坏我们的友谊。

22 Oxford   

n.牛津（英国城市）

参考例句：

• At present he has become a Professor of Chemistry at Oxford.他现在已是牛津大学的化学教授了。
• This is where the road to Oxford joins the road to London.这是去牛津的路与去伦敦的路的汇合处。

23 observatory   

n.天文台，气象台，瞭望台，观测台

参考例句：

• Guy's house was close to the observatory.盖伊的房子离天文台很近。
• Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.格林威治天文台的职员们每天对大钟检查两次。

24 opposition   

n.反对，敌对

参考例句：

• The party leader is facing opposition in his own backyard.该党领袖在自己的党內遇到了反对。
• The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.警察设法制住了那个囚犯的反抗。

25 lauds   

v.称赞，赞美( laud的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• The work lauds the victor, Liu Bang. 该曲歌颂了胜利者刘邦。 来自互联网
• The modern world lauds them for their vigor and intensity of purpose, and for their accomplishment. 诸君之祖先曾以大无畏之精神，冒不可思议之困难，筚路褴褛以开发新大陆。 来自互联网

26 cohesion   

n.团结，凝结力

参考例句：

• I had to bring some cohesion into the company.我得使整个公司恢复凝聚力。
• The power of culture is deeply rooted in the vitality,creativity and cohesion of a nation. 文化的力量，深深熔铸在民族的生命力、创造力和凝聚力之中。

27 strife   

n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争

参考例句：

• We do not intend to be drawn into the internal strife.我们不想卷入内乱之中。
• Money is a major cause of strife in many marriages.金钱是造成很多婚姻不和的一个主要原因。