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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
The name Genghis Khan probably makes many people think of conquering warriors1
on horseback leaving burning cities and piles of dead bodies behind them.
While there is no doubt that Genghis Khan was the leader of a highly
efficient killing2 machine, there was much more to him than military skill. He
was also a talented politician with excellent diplomatic abilities.
In the 1160s, the tribes of the Central Asian steppes were almost constantly
at war with one another. In the middle of the chaos3, one of the tribal4
leaders had a son named Temujin. When the boy was nine years old, his father
was poisoned by enemies. The tribe then abandoned the family, leaving them to
survive by eating rats and insects.
Despite his difficult childhood, Temujin grew up strong enough to claim his
hereditary5 position as tribal leader. He became adept6 at forming alliances,
as well as fighting battles. By 1206, all the Mongol tribes were ready to
recognize him as supreme7 leader. They gave him the title Genghis Khan, which
means "emperor of all emperors."
Having united the tribes of Central Asia, Genghis Khan turned his attention
elsewhere. His ambition was world conquest, and he advanced at an astonishing
rate. He invaded northern China and captured Peking, but was unable to subdue8
the whole country. Instead, he turned westwards. By the time of his death in
1227, he had created an empire that stretched from the Pacific coast to the
Caspian Sea.
The Mongols were superb horsemen who won their victories with a technique of
pretending to retreat, then launching a surprise attack. Their discipline and
organization made them extremely effective fighters. They were expert archers9
and could maintain total control of their horses while keeping both hands
free for fighting.
Genghis Khan's armies were divided into tightly organized units which were
directed by an efficient signaling system using black flags. Their favorite
tactic10 in open battle involved provoking an attack, and scattering11 as the
enemy came forward. The Mongols would harass12 the enemy from the sides until
the latter were exhausted13, then close in for the kill.
After capturing a city, Mongol armies would test the sincerity14 of the
inhabitants' surrender. They would pretend to go away, leaving behind a small
number of representatives. If these were killed, the Mongols would return to
murder the entire population. They seldom took prisoners.
Despite his ruthless methods, Genghis Khan was not an impulsive15 killer16. He
avoided battle if diplomacy17 would work, and he was skilled at using spies to
help achieve his aims. He also maintained the tradition of choosing leaders
in a mass meeting, and people under his rule were able to advance by ability
rather than noble birth.
For the citizens of modern-day Mongolia, Genghis Khan is a folk hero and a
symbol of their emerging democracy. A main street in the capital of Ulan
Bator has been named after him, and his image is on a banknote. He even has a
brand of vodka named after him, not an unusual memorial for one of history's
greatest conquerors18. Perhaps Genghis Khan would appreciate this more than his
traditional reputation as a ruthless killer.
on horseback leaving burning cities and piles of dead bodies behind them.
While there is no doubt that Genghis Khan was the leader of a highly
efficient killing2 machine, there was much more to him than military skill. He
was also a talented politician with excellent diplomatic abilities.
In the 1160s, the tribes of the Central Asian steppes were almost constantly
at war with one another. In the middle of the chaos3, one of the tribal4
leaders had a son named Temujin. When the boy was nine years old, his father
was poisoned by enemies. The tribe then abandoned the family, leaving them to
survive by eating rats and insects.
Despite his difficult childhood, Temujin grew up strong enough to claim his
hereditary5 position as tribal leader. He became adept6 at forming alliances,
as well as fighting battles. By 1206, all the Mongol tribes were ready to
recognize him as supreme7 leader. They gave him the title Genghis Khan, which
means "emperor of all emperors."
Having united the tribes of Central Asia, Genghis Khan turned his attention
elsewhere. His ambition was world conquest, and he advanced at an astonishing
rate. He invaded northern China and captured Peking, but was unable to subdue8
the whole country. Instead, he turned westwards. By the time of his death in
1227, he had created an empire that stretched from the Pacific coast to the
Caspian Sea.
The Mongols were superb horsemen who won their victories with a technique of
pretending to retreat, then launching a surprise attack. Their discipline and
organization made them extremely effective fighters. They were expert archers9
and could maintain total control of their horses while keeping both hands
free for fighting.
Genghis Khan's armies were divided into tightly organized units which were
directed by an efficient signaling system using black flags. Their favorite
tactic10 in open battle involved provoking an attack, and scattering11 as the
enemy came forward. The Mongols would harass12 the enemy from the sides until
the latter were exhausted13, then close in for the kill.
After capturing a city, Mongol armies would test the sincerity14 of the
inhabitants' surrender. They would pretend to go away, leaving behind a small
number of representatives. If these were killed, the Mongols would return to
murder the entire population. They seldom took prisoners.
Despite his ruthless methods, Genghis Khan was not an impulsive15 killer16. He
avoided battle if diplomacy17 would work, and he was skilled at using spies to
help achieve his aims. He also maintained the tradition of choosing leaders
in a mass meeting, and people under his rule were able to advance by ability
rather than noble birth.
For the citizens of modern-day Mongolia, Genghis Khan is a folk hero and a
symbol of their emerging democracy. A main street in the capital of Ulan
Bator has been named after him, and his image is on a banknote. He even has a
brand of vodka named after him, not an unusual memorial for one of history's
greatest conquerors18. Perhaps Genghis Khan would appreciate this more than his
traditional reputation as a ruthless killer.
点击收听单词发音
1 warriors | |
武士,勇士,战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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2 killing | |
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财 | |
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3 chaos | |
n.混乱,无秩序 | |
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4 tribal | |
adj.部族的,种族的 | |
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5 hereditary | |
adj.遗传的,遗传性的,可继承的,世袭的 | |
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6 adept | |
adj.老练的,精通的 | |
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7 supreme | |
adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的 | |
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8 subdue | |
vt.制服,使顺从,征服;抑制,克制 | |
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9 archers | |
n.弓箭手,射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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10 tactic | |
n.战略,策略;adj.战术的,有策略的 | |
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11 scattering | |
n.[物]散射;散乱,分散;在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的;分散在不同范围的;广泛扩散的;(选票)数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式);散布;驱散 | |
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12 harass | |
vt.使烦恼,折磨,骚扰 | |
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13 exhausted | |
adj.极其疲惫的,精疲力尽的 | |
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14 sincerity | |
n.真诚,诚意;真实 | |
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15 impulsive | |
adj.冲动的,刺激的;有推动力的 | |
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16 killer | |
n.杀人者,杀人犯,杀手,屠杀者 | |
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17 diplomacy | |
n.外交;外交手腕,交际手腕 | |
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18 conquerors | |
征服者,占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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