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(单词翻译:双击或拖选)
Michigan is now among a growing list of states experiencing measles1 outbreaks, with state health officials confirming 33 cases so far in Oakland County and one in Wayne County since March 13. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines an outbreak as three or more cases.
Officials say infected individuals range in age from 8 months to 63.
There has been an increasing number of measles outbreaks in the U.S. in recent years, including 17 outbreaks and 372 cases in 2018 alone. As of March 14, the CDC reports 268 cases in 2019. There are currently outbreaks in New York, Washington, Texas, Illinois, and California.
Stateside discussed the Oakland County measles outbreak with Leigh-Anne Stafford, a health officer with the Oakland County Health Department, and Dr. Pamela Hackert, a physician with the department. You can listen to their conversation above.
How did this happen in Michigan?
The Oakland County outbreak comes after an Israeli citizen likely caught the disease in New York City, where there is currently a measles outbreak, before traveling to Michigan. The Orthodox Jewish community he visited in Oakland County has acted quickly to get people vaccinated3.
However, the number of confirmed cases quickly jumped to eight. And since Oakland County has a relatively4 high vaccination5 waiver rate, health officials are worried.
Over the past two weeks, the Oakland County Health Department has been updating a long list of possible locations where contagious6 individuals may have exposed others. So far, that list includes the Oakland County Circuit Court, several Krogers, a car wash, and multiple hospitals and urgent cares in the last week. That means a lot of people in Oakland County may have been exposed to the virus.
Health officials are asking anyone showing symptoms to call ahead before visiting a hospital or doctor's office, so proper protective measures can be taken.
Extremely contagious and dangerous
Measles is an incredibly contagious infectious disease, caused by a virus that can survive up to two hours in the air after an infected person coughs or sneezes.
"People who are not vaccinated have at least a 95% chance, if they are exposed, of becoming infected with measles," says Dr. Russell Faust, Medical Director for the Oakland County Health Division. "This is an incredibly effective virus."
Because measles has a long incubation period, it can take up to 21 days for an infected person to exhibit symptoms. Initially7, symptoms may include fever, a cough, a runny nose and inflamed8 eyes. Three to five days after symptoms begin, a patient may develop white spots in their mouth and throat. A flat, red rash typically develops on the face before spreading to the rest of the body.
While there's no cure for measles, you can get vaccinated up to 72 hours after exposure, according to the Mayo Clinic. You still might get sick, but "the illness usually has milder symptoms and lasts for a shorter time" with the vaccination.
Health officials are also urging people with greater risk (infants, pregnant women, anyone with a lowered immune system) to get an injection called an immune serum9 globulin, which can help prevent the disease and lessen10 the symptoms. And doctors can also point patients toward fever reducers and other treatments, which can reduce the chance of death. That risk is approximately 0.2%, though young children have a higher chance of complications or death from the measles.
How to prevent measles
Get vaccinated. The CDC recommends the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine11 be administered to children in two doses, first at 12-15 months old, then again at four to six years old. Teens and adults should also be up to date on MMR vaccinations12.
Vaccination doesn't just help you avoid the measles: it helps those around you, too, thanks to “herd immunity13.” If everyone who can get the vaccine does so, it also protects those who may not be able to get the vaccine, including infants or those with compromised immune systems.
And vaccination is especially important for people traveling out of state, says Leigh-Anne Stafford, the Oakland County Health Officer.
It's very important as spring break is coming up, and summer break, we're really encouraging people to check on their vaccinations… or at least watch for signs and symptoms as they come back from vacation,” Stafford says. If you're going overseas to the European area, there’s quite a few areas over there where there are outbreaks.
Vaccinations in Michigan
Michigan's MMR vaccination rate ranked 29th in the country in 2017, according to the state health department. But several communities throughout the state are outliers with much lower rates.
Michigan is one of 17 states that allows parents to opt14 out of vaccinating15 their children for religious or philosophical16 reasons. Although as of 2014, parents are required to “receive education regarding the benefits of vaccination and the risks of disease” before claiming a nonmedical waiver for their child.
The statewide average for waiver rates has dropped since that 2014 law, but the rate is still 2.4%. Oakland County, where the outbreak has taken hold, has a vaccination waiver rate of 4.8%.
Low vaccination rates affect entire communities.
Dr. Nancy Messonnier is the director of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. She spoke17 before Congress last month in response to the growing number of outbreaks throughout the country. Outbreaks often happen, she says, because some people are hesitant about vaccines18, and may delay or refuse to properly vaccinate2 themselves and their children.
"Those choosing not to vaccinate [often] live near each other," says Messonnier. "Some of these are what we call close-knit communities: people who share common religious or ethnic19 or racial backgrounds and have strong policies against vaccination."
You can get the measles vaccine at most pharmacies20 or walk-in clinics, in addition to your physician's office. Find your nearest provider here. Multiple Oakland and Wayne County health centers are offering vaccinations, including the Oakland County Health Division offices in Southfield and Pontiac. Learn more about those vaccination sites here.
The measles vaccine is safe and effective, but if you have any additional questions about the vaccine, you can learn more here.
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measles
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| n.麻疹，风疹，包虫病，痧子 | |
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vaccinate
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| vt.给…接种疫苗；种牛痘 | |
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vaccinated
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| [医]已接种的，种痘的，接种过疫菌的 | |
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relatively
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| adv.比较...地，相对地 | |
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vaccination
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| n.接种疫苗，种痘 | |
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contagious
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| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
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initially
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| adv.最初，开始 | |
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inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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serum
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| n.浆液，血清，乳浆 | |
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lessen
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| vt.减少，减轻；缩小 | |
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vaccine
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| n.牛痘苗，疫苗；adj.牛痘的，疫苗的 | |
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vaccinations
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| n.种痘，接种( vaccination的名词复数 )；牛痘疤 | |
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immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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opt
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| vi.选择，决定做某事 | |
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vaccinating
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| 给…接种疫苗( vaccinate的现在分词 )； 注射疫苗，接种疫苗 | |
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philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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vaccines
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| 疫苗，痘苗( vaccine的名词复数 ) | |
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ethnic
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| adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的 | |
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pharmacies
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| 药店 | |
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