美国国家公共电台 NPR Cyber Aggression Takes A Back Seat To Other Presidential Campaign Issues

Cyber Aggression¹ Takes A Back Seat To Other Presidential Campaign Issues

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Cybersecurity has plagued this presidential election like no other in U.S. history. Earlier this week, the Obama administration indicated its plans to retaliate³ against Russia in some way for cyberattacks. Hacking⁵ came up again in the final presidential debate, yet neither candidate is offering a roadmap for what to do on cyber aggression or how to handle foreign hackers⁶. NPR's Aarti Shahani explains.

AARTI SHAHANI, BYLINE⁷: Let's revisit the last debate. Hillary Clinton brings up hacking. She says the Russian government has engaged in espionage⁸ against Americans, feeding WikiLeaks. And she puts forth⁹ a question.

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HILLARY CLINTON: Finally, will Donald Trump¹⁰ admit and condemn¹¹ that the Russians are doing this?

SHAHANI: She wants Trump, who's been drumming up fears about rigged elections, to acknowledge that Vladimir Putin is trying to rig the election using cyberattacks. Trump deflects¹² at first.

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DONALD TRUMP: She doesn't like Putin because...

CHRIS WALLACE: Mister...

TRUMP: ...Putin has outsmarted her at every step...

WALLACE: Mr. Trump, I...

TRUMP: ...Of the way.

SHAHANI: When pressed by moderator Chris Wallace, the Republican nominee¹³ says it's not OK to hack⁴ that way.

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TRUMP: Of course I condemn - of course I can - I don't know Putin.

TOM CROSS: It's easy for Trump to condemn these attacks.

SHAHANI: Cybersecurity expert Tom Cross, who is an independent, has advice for Trump.

CROSS: But it would have been more interesting, if Trump really wanted to go after Hillary Clinton, to ask her, you know, what are we going to do to stop these things? And what are you doing to stop these things, particularly given that a lot of organizations that she's associated with were the targets of these attacks.

SHAHANI: The intelligence community says Russia is hacking. So, Cross says, it looks silly for Trump to question that finding. Trump could instead turn the tables and ask Clinton not just - hey, where are those missing emails? - from her private server - but, hey, what did you do to protect your entire staff at the State Department from foreign hackers?

Both candidates have written positions on cybersecurity and, Cross says, both read like milquetoast - make points like, we must audit¹⁴ our systems to look for vulnerabilities.

CROSS: They're stating, in different words, essentially¹⁵ things that the United States government is already doing.

SHAHANI: Imagine an election in which the candidates took on the real issues. Stanford professor Herb Lin is a Republican who says he will not vote for Trump. And he says, in 2016, we need a leader who can think through cyber strategy with some basic literacy. With Russia, the U.S. could hack back, maybe try to take down Russia's electric grid¹⁶, leak embarrassing secrets about Putin, impose economic sanctions. Lin says a good leader could think through each action and the reaction from adversaries¹⁷.

HERB LIN: Are they going to just cry uncle when we respond and say - oh, no, no, we've seen the error of our ways - we're not going to do this anymore? That is unlikely. The question is, how can you persuade them to back off of what they're doing?

SHAHANI: Lin compares today's discussion of cybersecurity, on and off the campaign trail, to the nuclear debate back in the 1950s. Back then, the U.S. was well aware of its immense power with that cutting-edge technology. But policymakers weren't sure what to do with it. President Eisenhower said there is no reason nukes shouldn't be used just exactly as you'd use a rifle.

LIN: No serious commander in chief would say that today. Nuclear weapons are really special. They're a really different kind weapons.

SHAHANI: We've evolved in our strategic thinking with nukes. Lin says our leaders' thinking on cyberweapons is in its infancy¹⁸. And so, on the campaign trail, candidates talk a fair amount about hacking but not about how to solve it as a policy problem.

Aarti Shahani, NPR News.

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1 aggression   

n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害

参考例句：

• So long as we are firmly united, we need fear no aggression.只要我们紧密地团结，就不必惧怕外来侵略。
• Her view is that aggression is part of human nature.她认为攻击性是人类本性的一部份。

2 browser   

n.浏览者

参考例句：

• View edits in a web browser.在浏览器中看编辑的效果。
• I think my browser has a list of shareware links.我想在浏览器中会有一系列的共享软件链接。

3 retaliate   

v.报复，反击

参考例句：

• He sought every opportunity to retaliate against his enemy.他找机会向他的敌人反击。
• It is strictly forbidden to retaliate against the quality inspectors.严禁对质量检验人员进行打击报复。

4 hack   

n.劈，砍，出租马车；v.劈，砍，干咳

参考例句：

• He made a hack at the log.他朝圆木上砍了一下。
• Early settlers had to hack out a clearing in the forest where they could grow crops.早期移民不得不在森林里劈出空地种庄稼。

5 hacking   

n.非法访问计算机系统和数据库的活动

参考例句：

• The patient with emphysema is hacking all day. 这个肺气肿病人整天不断地干咳。
• We undertook the task of hacking our way through the jungle. 我们负责在丛林中开路。

6 hackers   

n.计算机迷( hacker的名词复数 )；私自存取或篡改电脑资料者，电脑“黑客”

参考例句：

• They think of viruses that infect an organization from the outside.They envision hackers breaking into their information vaults. 他们考虑来自外部的感染公司的病毒，他们设想黑客侵入到信息宝库中。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Arranging a meeting with the hackers took weeks againoff-again email exchanges. 通过几星期电子邮件往来安排见面，他们最终同意了。 来自互联网

7 byline   

n.署名；v.署名

参考例句：

• His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
• We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。

8 espionage   

n.间谍行为，谍报活动

参考例句：

• The authorities have arrested several people suspected of espionage.官方已经逮捕了几个涉嫌从事间谍活动的人。
• Neither was there any hint of espionage in Hanley's early life.汉利的早期生活也毫无进行间谍活动的迹象。

9 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

10 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

11 condemn   

vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑

参考例句：

• Some praise him,whereas others condemn him.有些人赞扬他，而有些人谴责他。
• We mustn't condemn him on mere suppositions.我们不可全凭臆测来指责他。

12 deflects   

（使）偏斜， （使）偏离， （使）转向( deflect的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• This love is so bright that it deflects all darkness. 这个爱如此光明而可以照亮黑暗。
• Level 3-Deflects 15% of damage taken onto a 600 AoE. 三级-将15%的所受伤害反弹给600范围内的所有敌方单位。

13 nominee   

n.被提名者；被任命者；被推荐者

参考例句：

• His nominee for vice president was elected only after a second ballot.他提名的副总统在两轮投票后才当选。
• Mr.Francisco is standing as the official nominee for the post of District Secretary.弗朗西斯科先生是行政书记职位的正式提名人。

14 audit   

v.审计；查帐；核对；旁听

参考例句：

• Each year they audit our accounts and certify them as being true and fair.他们每年对我们进行账务审核，以确保其真实无误。
• As usual,the yearly audit will take place in December.跟往常一样，年度审计将在十二月份进行。

15 essentially   

adv.本质上，实质上，基本上

参考例句：

• Really great men are essentially modest.真正的伟人大都很谦虚。
• She is an essentially selfish person.她本质上是个自私自利的人。

16 grid   

n.高压输电线路网；地图坐标方格；格栅

参考例句：

• In this application,the carrier is used to encapsulate the grid.在这种情况下，要用载体把格栅密封起来。
• Modern gauges consist of metal foil in the form of a grid.现代应变仪则由网格形式的金属片组成。

17 adversaries   

n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• That would cause potential adversaries to recoil from a challenge. 这会迫使潜在的敌人在挑战面前退缩。 来自辞典例句
• Every adversaries are more comfortable with a predictable, coherent America. 就连敌人也会因有可以预料的，始终一致的美国而感到舒服得多。 来自辞典例句

18 infancy   

n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期

参考例句：

• He came to England in his infancy.他幼年时期来到英国。
• Their research is only in its infancy.他们的研究处于初级阶段。