美国国家公共电台 NPR The Gender Wage Gap In The Arts

The Gender¹ Wage Gap In The Arts

STEVE INSKEEP, HOST: 

We heard a lot during the presidential campaign about the wage gap, the fact that women often earn less than men for the same kinds of work. Hillary Clinton pushed that issue, and she lost. But it remains² a reality in many people's lives.

And we have new information about the wage gap in a field where many people might imagine that they favor gender equality. NPR's social science correspondent Shankar Vedantam is here. Hi, Shankar.

SHANKAR VEDANTAM, BYLINE³: Hi, Steve.

INSKEEP: What's the field?

VEDANTAM: We're talking about the arts, Steve, everything from photography to fine arts, musicians, choreographers. There's been a lot of work in the social sciences exploring the gender wage gap in other fields, but not much attention to the arts. I was speaking with Danielle Lindemann - she's a sociologist⁴ at Lehigh University - along with her co-authors Carly Rush and Steven Tepper. They've analyzed⁵ wage disparities in the arts.

Now, one challenge in studying artists is how you define who an artist is.

INSKEEP: Right.

VEDANTAM: For the purpose of the study, the researchers used a simple metric. It's not perfect, but it's one way to look at those in the arts. The researchers examined the income of more than 30,000 people who'd received an arts degree.

INSKEEP: And we're talking here about people who, not universally, but commonly lean a little bit more to the left or push issues of equality. So you can assume that they believe in equality. So what's actually happening?

VEDANTAM: That's exactly right. Lindemann told me that many people might think the arts are going to have fewer gender biases⁶ because they tend to attract people who believe in the ideal of gender equality. But that's not what the data showed.

DANIELLE LINDEMANN: We did find evidence of this gender wage gap in the arts. We did find that women earn significantly less than men, even controlling for various factors like the amount of time they worked, which sector⁷ - was it non-profit or profit - the field in which they work. Women are consistently earning less than men in the arts.

VEDANTAM: There's one interesting difference between the gender wage gap in the arts compared to many other fields, Steve. Many other fields see what's called a motherhood penalty.

LINDEMANN: We didn't see evidence of the so-called motherhood penalty that we find in other fields - so the fact that women who become mothers, their wages actually decrease relative to women who are not mothers. But in the arts, we didn't really see that. We don't find substantive⁸, significant evidence of this motherhood penalty among female artists.

INSKEEP: OK, so it's not just that women might go out of the workforce⁹ for a while and come back and suffer some kind of a setback¹⁰ for that reason. And yet there is this gap in the arts. What's happening?

VEDANTAM: Well, there are lots of factors in both the arts and other fields that potentially explain those gaps, Steve. The specific area of work you do matters a great deal.

So in this case, people working in the non-profit sector tend to earn less than people working in the for-profit sector. Artists working in design tend to make more than those working at the performing arts. Artists in new media tend to do better.

But even after you control for all these factors, after you control for education and experience, the amount of time you've spent working in the field, the researchers still find a wage gap of more than $13,000 between men and women.

INSKEEP: Well, what are the implications that even in this field where people often speak out in favor of gender equality, you have this pay gap?

VEDANTAM: Well, you and I have talked many times, Steve, about how people's intentions don't always line up with their actions. You may want to do one thing, but you might end up doing something different. It's also the case that there might be structural¹¹ factors, institutional factors that cause these disparities. And unless you address those, your best intentions aren't going to fix the problem.

INSKEEP: Unconsciously, we may be doing something differently than we are consciously.

VEDANTAM: Precisely¹².

INSKEEP: Shankar, thanks very much.

VEDANTAM: Thanks, Steve.

INSKEEP: That's NPR's Shankar Vedantam, our social science correspondent and host of the podcast Hidden Brain.

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1 gender   

n.（生理上的）性，（名词、代词等的）性

参考例句：

• French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.法语不同于英语，所有的名词都有性。
• Women are sometimes denied opportunities solely because of their gender.妇女有时仅仅因为性别而无法获得种种机会。

2 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

3 byline   

n.署名；v.署名

参考例句：

• His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
• We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。

4 sociologist   

n.研究社会学的人，社会学家

参考例句：

• His mother was a sociologist,researching socialism.他的母亲是个社会学家，研究社会主义。
• Max Weber is a great and outstanding sociologist.马克斯·韦伯是一位伟大的、杰出的社会学家。

5 analyzed   

v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析

参考例句：

• The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程，因为对他来说，爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》

6 biases   

偏见( bias的名词复数 )； 偏爱； 特殊能力； 斜纹

参考例句：

• Stereotypes represent designer or researcher biases and assumptions, rather than factual data. 它代表设计师或者研究者的偏见和假设，而不是实际的数据。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
• The net effect of biases on international comparisons is easily summarized. 偏差对国际比较的基本影响容易概括。

7 sector   

n.部门，部分；防御地段，防区；扇形

参考例句：

• The export sector will aid the economic recovery. 出口产业将促进经济复苏。
• The enemy have attacked the British sector.敌人已进攻英国防区。

8 substantive   

adj.表示实在的；本质的、实质性的；独立的；n.实词，实名词；独立存在的实体

参考例句：

• They plan to meet again in Rome very soon to begin substantive negotiations.他们计划不久在罗马再次会晤以开始实质性的谈判。
• A president needs substantive advice,but he also requires emotional succor. 一个总统需要实质性的建议，但也需要感情上的支持。

9 workforce   

n.劳动大军，劳动力

参考例句：

• A large part of the workforce is employed in agriculture.劳动人口中一大部分受雇于农业。
• A quarter of the local workforce is unemployed.本地劳动力中有四分之一失业。

10 setback   

n.退步，挫折，挫败

参考例句：

• Since that time there has never been any setback in his career.从那时起他在事业上一直没有遇到周折。
• She views every minor setback as a disaster.她把每个较小的挫折都看成重大灾难。

11 structural   

adj.构造的，组织的，建筑（用）的

参考例句：

• The storm caused no structural damage.风暴没有造成建筑结构方面的破坏。
• The North American continent is made up of three great structural entities.北美大陆是由三个构造单元组成的。

12 precisely   

adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地

参考例句：

• It's precisely that sort of slick sales-talk that I mistrust.我不相信的正是那种油腔滑调的推销宣传。
• The man adjusted very precisely.那个人调得很准。