美国国家公共电台 NPR Arctic's Temperature Continues To Run Hot, Latest 'Report Card' Shows

 

KELLY MCEVERS, HOST:

The Arctic is a huge icy cap on the planet, and it acts like a global air conditioner. But the air conditioner is breaking down. Today, scientists issued a grim report card on the Arctic. They say the pole continues to warm at an alarming pace. And as NPR's Christopher Joyce reports, that will change our weather.

CHRISTOPHER JOYCE, BYLINE¹: The Arctic is a vast circle of frozen land with the Arctic sea like a giant icy pond in the middle but not as icy as it used to be. This was the second warmest year there in at least 1,500 years. The warmest ever - last year. This year also saw the least amount of winter ice in the Arctic Ocean ever observed, and ocean water was several degrees warmer than just a few decades ago. It's a trend that some are calling the new normal. Arctic scientist Jeremy Mathis says there's nothing normal about it.

JEREMY MATHIS: There is no normal. That's what's so strange about what's happening in the Arctic, is that the environment is changing so quickly in such a short amount of time that we can't quite get a handle on what this new state is going to look like.

JOYCE: Mathis runs the Arctic Research Program at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric² Administration. He says changes in the Arctic are going to affect everybody in the Northern Hemisphere. Here's why. Masses of air and ocean currents circulate between a cold Arctic and the warmer parts of the hemisphere sort of like a conveyor belt. It's driven largely by the temperature difference or gradient between the two regions. But with less snow and ice to reflect the sun's rays, the Arctic isn't so cool anymore.

MATHIS: The heat is not being reflected back into space. The heat is now being absorbed into the land and into the ocean.

JOYCE: And that's going to alter things like the jet stream or rainstorms.

MATHIS: Whether they be wildfires out in California or hurricanes down in the Gulf³, we have to think about the impacts that the changes in the Arctic are having on those disruptive climate events.

JOYCE: Scientists say they can't attribute any particular drought or hurricane to changes in the Arctic, but computer simulations do show changes to things like the wind.

KRISTOPHER KARNAUSKAS: And we're talking about a reduction of wind power all the way across the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude.

JOYCE: That's Kristopher Karnauskas, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Colorado. He says average wind speed in many places could drop by the end of the century, which he says could put a damper on wind energy.

KARNAUSKAS: For example, in the central United States, the models are predicting somewhere between 10 and 40 percent reduction in - compared to present-day amount of wind power.

JOYCE: Karnauskas notes that lots of other weather phenomena⁴ affect wind besides what happens at the pole. But the Arctic is a big player.

KARNAUSKAS: We live in between the Arctic and the equator. And those are, like, the two ends of the global energy machine, the weather machine.

JOYCE: And there's more. A warmer Arctic could cause more drought in California. Atmospheric researcher Ivana Cvijanovic also ran computer simulations of a warmer Arctic at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory where she works. She found that air circulation over the eastern Pacific could change in a way that would steer⁵ rain away from California.

IVANA CVIJANOVIC: So on average it will be 10 to 15 percent dryer⁶.

JOYCE: Cvijanovic notes that other weather patterns outside the Arctic could counteract⁷ that drying effect. She says it's too early to blame the Arctic for California's recent drought. But she says the drought is a good illustration of what the future could bring. Christopher Joyce, NPR News.

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1 byline   

n.署名；v.署名

参考例句：

• His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
• We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。

2 atmospheric   

adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的

参考例句：

• Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
• Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。

3 gulf   

n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂

参考例句：

• The gulf between the two leaders cannot be bridged.两位领导人之间的鸿沟难以跨越。
• There is a gulf between the two cities.这两座城市间有个海湾。

4 phenomena   

n.现象

参考例句：

• Ade couldn't relate the phenomena with any theory he knew.艾德无法用他所知道的任何理论来解释这种现象。
• The object of these experiments was to find the connection,if any,between the two phenomena.这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系，如果存在着任何联系的话。

5 steer   

vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶

参考例句：

• If you push the car, I'll steer it.如果你来推车，我就来驾车。
• It's no use trying to steer the boy into a course of action that suits you.想说服这孩子按你的方式行事是徒劳的。

6 dryer   

n.干衣机，干燥剂

参考例句：

• He bought a dryer yesterday.他昨天买了一台干燥机。
• There is a washer and a dryer in the basement.地下室里有洗衣机和烘干机。

7 counteract   

vt.对…起反作用，对抗，抵消

参考例句：

• The doctor gave him some medicine to counteract the effect of the poison.医生给他些药解毒。
• Our work calls for mutual support.We shouldn't counteract each other's efforts.工作要互相支持，不要互相拆台。