PBS高端访谈:半边天 改变全球女性的机遇

 　　JEFFREY BROWN: And finally tonight: A new PBS documentary shines a light on the oppression of women and girls worldwide. "Half the Sky" airs in two parts over two nights, starting this evening. It's based on a book of the same name by New York Times columnist¹ Nicholas Kristof and his wife, journalist Sheryl WuDunn.

　　Kristof traveled to six countries to look at gender-based violence, forced prostitution, maternal² mortality, and other issues.

　　In this excerpt³, he and actress Eva Mendes tour a sexual abuse victims center in Sierra Leone.

　　WOMAN: Welcome to the Rainbo Centre. Really, we're primarily responding to rape⁴. We provide specialized⁵ medical treatment and counseling as well.

　　EVA MENDES, Actress: Counseling? Yes.

　　WOMAN: We have seen over 9,000 survivors⁶ within eight years.

　　EVA MENDES: Eight years.

　　WOMAN: Fifty-two percent that are between the ages of 12 and 17. Then you have about 26 percent that are under 12.

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF, The New York Times: Under 12? Twenty-six percent are under 12?

　　WOMAN: That are under 12 years old, yes.

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: OK. Wow.

　　WOMAN: They are.

　　The trend is, we are seeing more and more children, about 80 percent of our clientele.

　　We see an average between 100 to 200 a month. And they are as young as two-and-a-half months old.

　　Excuse me. Sorry. We have a three-year-old that has just come in for follow-up.

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: Yes. It's a 3-year-old...

　　WOMAN: It's a 3-year-old girl who has been raped⁷. And she's just come back for follow-up. Yes. You want to come with me?

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: Yes.

　　What is her story, very briefly⁸?

　　WOMAN: She's actually—they don't know who the perpetrator is. But she was getting sick. And they took her into the hospital.

　　And that's when it was realized that she has been abused, because they have not been to see who it—know who it is.

　　EVA MENDES: You can't even fathom⁹ like how—how somebody could even just hurt a child, but how they can commit such an aggressive sexual act against them.

　　WOMAN: This is Jessica.

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: Hey, Jessica.

　　EVA MENDES: Hi, Jessica.

　　How you can rape a child is beyond...

　　Hey. It's magic.

　　WOMAN: So, Jessica is doing much better now.

　　EVA MENDES: I mean, why? Why?

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Joining me now from New York are husband and wife team and "Half the Sky" co-authors Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn.

　　For more than two decades, they have been working to draw attention to neglected issues and areas of the world.

　　And we welcome you both.

　　And, Nick, we just saw you in that clip from Sierra Leone. It's just an unimaginable situation.

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: But, in many ways, Judy, it's really the face of modern conflict.

　　It's what happens these days in civil wars that militias¹¹ and warlords don't want to tangle¹² with each other because they might actually get shot.

　　So, they turn their AK-47s on local women, and women's bodies become modern weapons of war.

　　And then, even when the conflict ends, the militias stop shooting other people, but this kind of rape, including of young children, continues. We have seen that in place after place after place.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: But why—Nick, why are women the victims?

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: I think because people can get away with it, in a sense, because they don't fight back.

　　If you're a former of a militia¹⁰ and you still have your gun or you still have that kind of violent mentality¹³, then if you set up a checkpoint on the highway and rob a truck, you will be caught and you will be executed.

　　And that's a priority for the government.

　　If you go around raping¹⁴ young girls, that's not a priority for the government and you don't get prosecuted¹⁵ and nothing happens.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Sheryl...

　　SHERYL WUDUNN, co-Author of "Half the Sky": But, at the same time, you terrorize a village.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: That's right.

　　Sheryl, I was going to ask you about that and about, how widespread is this beyond Sierra Leone?

　　SHERYL WUDUNN: It's actually more widespread than anybody would like.

　　And it is a weapon of terrorism.

　　It is a way to actually make a statement that also terrorizes an entire community. Everybody has girls and women in their family. And so those people who are—whose women are afflicted¹⁶ are—are terrorized.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: So, we're talking about across the developing world. Sheryl, why is it tolerated?

　　SHERYL WUDUNN: Well, I think that it's not so much tolerated as it is just—it's just people bear it.

　　They endure it, partly because there are no super-organizations, governments, large NGOs, other governments, who are stepping in to try and help or fix, remove the situation.

　　And I think it's an issue that people in general don't seem to care enough about to bring about change. And so if there is a way that we can say that everybody here in the world says that this is not something that should be tolerated, then I think people will take steps to eradicate¹⁷ it.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Well, Nick, in that connection, I think, in Sierra Leone, you talked to one investigator¹⁸ who had looked at, what, over 1,000 cases, but in all of those cases there was only one conviction? How can that be?

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: Well, because it simply is not a priority for the government.

　　And this is something that one can bring about change in. And, you know, we have seen it in Congo. We have see this in Sudan that, when there become penalties, then patterns change.

　　I mean, I—we have that in sex trafficking around the world, that if authorities go after pimps, then all of a sudden it becomes less lucrative¹⁹, less attractive to be a pimp.

　　And so there are no magic bullets here, but one thing we can do is apply pressure to help raise this issue on the agenda. And if, instead of one-tenth of 1 percent of rapes²⁰ being prosecuted in Sierra Leone, if it rises to 10 percent, that will send a powerful message through the community and it will lead to change.

　　I mean, one example, in the case of Sierra Leone, is it used to have the worst maternal mortality rate in the world. And then that got attention. Sierra Leone was embarrassed. And now delivery is free in Sierra Leone, and the maternal mortality rate has dropped by more than half.

　　SHERYL WUDUNN: It's also important to see that women can actually become part of the solution.

　　So if they can actually be empowered economically, then look at all that potential economic income that can be brought into a household.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: And that's what I wanted to ask you about, Sheryl, because I think one of the focuses that you describe is turning oppression into opportunity. And I wanted to ask you, how do you do that?

　　SHERYL WUDUNN: There are many ways.

　　First of all, the government has to say it is very important for the populace to be educated.

　　So they need to mandate²¹ education for everybody, including girls. And then they have to say, well, it's also that we allow our women to work in the workplace, to actually become productive members of society.

　　And once you give a woman education and a chance to work, she can astound²² you.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Sheryl, I want to ask both of you, for people who are sitting at home watching this on their television or their computer, what can they do about this?

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: We have website, halftheskymovement.org. And we have an action tab there.

　　So our hope is that people are going to watch the documentary on PBS, and then they're going to go to that halftheskymovement.org website and then they're going to do something. And it may be make a donation or engage with some organization or volunteer their time or write a letter.

　　But, I mean, the ultimate metric of success for this documentary isn't the number of people watching it. It's the number of people who then take action and get involved.

　　SHERYL WUDUNN: Even spreading the word is really important, because the more people who see that this is an issue, the more people who begin to care about this as an issue.

　　Then, the governments start to realize that this is something that voters care about. And they will actually vote for policy changes, which is also very, very important.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Yes, I wanted to ask you all about this, because, you know, in many ways people look at these scenes. And while it certainly tears at your heartstrings, you think it's so far away, am I really connected to this?

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: I mean, I guess there are a couple of answers to that.

　　One is that there are real needs we need to address right here at moment. And, sure, sex trafficking is worse in India or Cambodia than it is in New York or Washington.

　　But we have problems here. And if we want to have the moral authority to tell other countries to clean up their act, we have to do more right here at home.

　　But the other thing is that I don't think—there's one view that we really need to solve our problems at home before we begin to address problems abroad.

　　And I think the policy there is first that interventions²³ abroad often get more bang for the buck²⁴ than those here, that it is very cheap to save a life abroad, and, second, that our compassion²⁵ and our empathy shouldn't depend on the color of somebody's skin or the color of their passport.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Sheryl, do you want to add anything to that about why people should feel connected to this?

　　SHERYL WUDUNN: Well, I also think that there are many things that we can learn, not only from policies and programs that we have implemented²⁶ here at home, but also abroad.

　　There's a lot of learning that we actually are garnering²⁷ from programs that have been established abroad to attract—to address trafficking, because it is a problem that started abroad, that was much more of an issue abroad before it came to our own shores. So, they have had a longer history.

　　Also, in a place like Sweden, there is great deal of learning in the way they have actually tried to eradicate trafficking. They have been much more successful than other societies in focusing on demand, on the johns. And we can learn from them as well.

　　So, I really think it is a globalized world. We need to actually look at this as a global problem.

　　JUDY WOODRUFF: Well, we thank you both for helping²⁸ us understand more about it. Sheryl WuDunn, Nick Kristof, we thank you both.

　　SHERYL WUDUNN: Thanks very much.

　　NICHOLAS KRISTOF: Thanks so much, Judy.

　　"Half the Sky" airs on most PBS stations tonight and tomorrow night. You can watch more excerpts²⁹ about Sierra Leone, about India's caste system and education in Afghanistan on our website.

1 columnist   

n.专栏作家

参考例句：

• The host was interviewing a local columnist.节目主持人正在同一位当地的专栏作家交谈。
• She's a columnist for USA Today.她是《今日美国报》的专栏作家。

2 maternal   

adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的

参考例句：

• He is my maternal uncle.他是我舅舅。
• The sight of the hopeless little boy aroused her maternal instincts.那个绝望的小男孩的模样唤起了她的母性。

3 excerpt   

n.摘录，选录，节录

参考例句：

• This is an excerpt from a novel.这是一部小说的摘录。
• Can you excerpt something from the newspaper? 你能从报纸上选录些东西吗？

4 rape   

n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸

参考例句：

• The rape of the countryside had a profound ravage on them.对乡村的掠夺给他们造成严重创伤。
• He was brought to court and charged with rape.他被带到法庭并被指控犯有强奸罪。

5 specialized   

adj.专门的，专业化的

参考例句：

• There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.联合国有许多专门机构。
• These tools are very specialized.这些是专用工具。

6 survivors   

幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The survivors were adrift in a lifeboat for six days. 幸存者在救生艇上漂流了六天。
• survivors clinging to a raft 紧紧抓住救生筏的幸存者

7 raped   

v.以暴力夺取，强夺( rape的过去式和过去分词 )；强奸

参考例句：

• A young woman was brutally raped in her own home. 一名年轻女子在自己家中惨遭强暴。 来自辞典例句
• We got stick together, or we will be having our women raped. 我们得团结一致，不然我们的妻女就会遭到蹂躏。 来自辞典例句

8 briefly   

adv.简单地，简短地

参考例句：

• I want to touch briefly on another aspect of the problem.我想简单地谈一下这个问题的另一方面。
• He was kidnapped and briefly detained by a terrorist group.他被一个恐怖组织绑架并短暂拘禁。

9 fathom   

v.领悟，彻底了解

参考例句：

• I really couldn't fathom what he was talking about.我真搞不懂他在说些什么。
• What these people hoped to achieve is hard to fathom.这些人希望实现些什么目标难以揣测。

10 militia   

n.民兵，民兵组织

参考例句：

• First came the PLA men,then the people's militia.人民解放军走在前面，其次是民兵。
• There's a building guarded by the local militia at the corner of the street.街道拐角处有一幢由当地民兵团守卫的大楼。

11 militias   

n.民兵组织，民兵( militia的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The troops will not attempt to disarm the warring militias. 部队并不打算解除战斗中的民兵武装。 来自辞典例句
• The neighborhood was a battleground for Shiite and Sunni militias. 那里曾是什叶派和逊尼派武装分子的战场。 来自互联网

12 tangle   

n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱

参考例句：

• I shouldn't tangle with Peter.He is bigger than me.我不应该与彼特吵架。他的块头比我大。
• If I were you, I wouldn't tangle with them.我要是你，我就不跟他们争吵。

13 mentality   

n.心理，思想，脑力

参考例句：

• He has many years'experience of the criminal mentality.他研究犯罪心理有多年经验。
• Running a business requires a very different mentality from being a salaried employee.经营企业所要求具备的心态和上班族的心态截然不同。

14 raping   

v.以暴力夺取，强夺( rape的现在分词 )；强奸

参考例句：

• In response, Charles VI sent a punitive expedition to Brittany, raping and killing the populace. 作为报复，查理六世派军讨伐布列塔尼，奸淫杀戮平民。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The conquerors marched on, burning, killing, raping and plundering as they went. 征服者所到之处烧杀奸掠，无所不做。 来自互联网

15 prosecuted   

a.被起诉的

参考例句：

• The editors are being prosecuted for obscenity. 编辑因刊载污秽文字而被起诉。
• The company was prosecuted for breaching the Health and Safety Act. 这家公司被控违反《卫生安全条例》。

16 afflicted   

使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• About 40% of the country's population is afflicted with the disease. 全国40%左右的人口患有这种疾病。
• A terrible restlessness that was like to hunger afflicted Martin Eden. 一阵可怕的、跟饥饿差不多的不安情绪折磨着马丁·伊登。

17 eradicate   

v.根除，消灭，杜绝

参考例句：

• These insects are very difficult to eradicate.这些昆虫很难根除。
• They are already battling to eradicate illnesses such as malaria and tetanus.他们已经在努力消灭疟疾、破伤风等疾病。

18 investigator   

n.研究者，调查者，审查者

参考例句：

• He was a special investigator for the FBI.他是联邦调查局的特别调查员。
• The investigator was able to deduce the crime and find the criminal.调查者能够推出犯罪过程并锁定罪犯。

19 lucrative   

adj.赚钱的，可获利的

参考例句：

• He decided to turn his hobby into a lucrative sideline.他决定把自己的爱好变成赚钱的副业。
• It was not a lucrative profession.那是一个没有多少油水的职业。

20 rapes   

n.芸苔( rape的名词复数 )；强奸罪；强奸案；肆意损坏v.以暴力夺取，强夺( rape的第三人称单数 )；强奸

参考例句：

• The man who had committed several rapes was arrested. 那个犯了多起强奸案的男人被抓起来了。 来自辞典例句
• The incidence of reported rapes rose 0.8 percent. 美国联邦调查局还发布了两份特别报告。 来自互联网

21 mandate   

n.托管地；命令，指示

参考例句：

• The President had a clear mandate to end the war.总统得到明确的授权结束那场战争。
• The General Election gave him no such mandate.大选并未授予他这种权力。

22 astound   

v.使震惊，使大吃一惊

参考例句：

• His practical grasp of affairs and his energy still astound me.他对事物的实际掌握和他充沛的精力实在使我惊异。
• He used to astound his friends with feats of physical endurance.过去，他表现出来的惊人耐力常让朋友们大吃一惊。

23 interventions   

n.介入，干涉，干预( intervention的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Economic analysis of government interventions deserves detailed discussion. 政府对经济的干预应该给予充分的论述。 来自辞典例句
• The judge's frequent interventions made a mockery of justice. 法官的屡屡干预是对正义的践踏。 来自互联网

24 buck   

n.雄鹿，雄兔；v.马离地跳跃

参考例句：

• The boy bent curiously to the skeleton of the buck.这个男孩好奇地弯下身去看鹿的骸骨。
• The female deer attracts the buck with high-pitched sounds.雌鹿以尖声吸引雄鹿。

25 compassion   

n.同情，怜悯

参考例句：

• He could not help having compassion for the poor creature.他情不自禁地怜悯起那个可怜的人来。
• Her heart was filled with compassion for the motherless children.她对于没有母亲的孩子们充满了怜悯心。

26 implemented   

v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革，经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句

27 garnering   

v.收集并（通常）贮藏（某物），取得，获得( garner的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• And at the forefront was Bryant, garnering nothing but praise from his coaches and teammates. 而站在最前沿的就是科比，他也因此获得了教练和队友的赞美。 来自互联网

28 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

29 excerpts   

n.摘录，摘要( excerpt的名词复数 )；节选（音乐，电影）片段

参考例句：

• Some excerpts from a Renaissance mass are spatchcocked into Gluck's pallid Don Juan music. 一些文艺复光时期的弥撒的选节被不适当地加入到了格鲁克平淡无味的唐璜音乐中。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He is editing together excerpts of some of his films. 他正在将自己制作的一些电影的片断进行剪辑合成。 来自辞典例句