PBS高端访谈:政策的改变能否导致器官捐献数量的增加?

 　　SARA JAMES: It's just after dawn in one of the world's most beautiful cities – this misty¹ morning a picture perfect start to the day. And Damien Blumire looks the picture of health. But the image is deceptive².

　　DAMIEN BLUMIRE: I've been waiting for a kidney transplant and I need to keep myself as fit as possible to give myself the best chance of recovering from major surgery.

　　SARA JAMES: Damien inherited a rare form of kidney disease from his mother. It claimed her life when he was just a boy. The fact that Damien's kidneys don't work affects the simplest of rituals – even his choice of morning coffee.

　　DAMIEN BLUMIRE: G'day, I'll have a double espresso

　　SARA JAMES: Cappuccino has too much milk – and he hasn't had soup in a decade.

　　Damien must ration³ all liquid because his body can't get rid of fluid, putting him at risk of swelling⁴, heart damage, or a stroke from high blood pressure.

　　DAMIEN BLUMIRE: You have to consider the amount of water that a bowl of rice consumes when it is cooking for example all those things get taken into account and because my body can't get rid of those things I count all those things over a two day basis

　　SARA JAMES: Damien's unquenchable thirst also prompts a dream.

　　DAMIEN BLUMIRE: Just being able to go to the sink and drink a glass of water, fill my stomach with water. Of all the basic needs, that is it.

　　SARA JAMES: So every other day Damien does what nearly 400,000 Americans do –

　　SARA JAMES: So this is where you do dialysis–

　　DAMIEN BLUMIRE: It is. This is the dialysis room.

　　SARA JAMES: Without dialysis he would be dead in a few weeks. The machine removes extra water, waste and salt from his body and keeps chemicals like potassium at a safe level in his blood.

　　The software programmer is tethered to this machine an average of 25 hours a week.

　　Australia has universal health care and Damien's dialysis treatment – more than $50,000 a year – is covered by the government. It's a life-saving procedure, but not a cheap or easy one.

　　DAMIEN BLUMIRE: The dialysis involves putting a couple of needles in your arm and the machine works as your artificial kidney for 5 hours – unfortunately putting needles in your arm gives your arm a bit of a beating and I'm not looking too pretty these days.

　　SARA JAMES: But there's another cost. For more than ten years – more than 3,800 days and nights – Damien has kept his cell phone within arm's reach, hoping for a call instructing him to rush to the hospital because a compatible kidney has been found. But when we talked to him in February, the call still hadn't come. The uncertainty⁵ is hard on him and his two young sons, and he says it is one reason his marriage floundered.

　　DAMIEN BLUMIRE: Living with someone who has a chronic⁶ illness is almost as difficult as having a chronic illness. It basically changed who we were as people over the ten years.

　　SARA JAMES: Damien's story is typical of those in the United States and Australia seeking organ transplants. In Australia, the average wait for a kidney is 4 years; in America it's three to five years depending on blood type.

　　But now a new Australian initiative has raised the donation and transplant rates here to the highest level in a quarter century.

　　YAEL CASS: The key thing that we've done is that we've picked best practice from around the globe.

　　SARA JAMES: Yael Cass is the CEO of the Organ and Tissue Authority – set up to oversee⁷ the 151 million dollar national reform package, which went into effect in 2009. The Organ and Tissue Authority has intensified⁸ efforts to increase community awareness⁹ across Australia.

　　PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT: My name is Jessica–

　　SARA JAMES: With public service announcements like this one to encourage more people to sign up as donors¹¹.

　　PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT: Organ and tissue donation is very important to talk about with your family to know the wishes of your loved ones for when they're not here so they can give someone a second chance like I got. Because being given the gift of life is the greatest gift.

　　SARA JAMES: The Australian government has also offered specialized¹² new training to some 600 health professionals. They have the difficult role of talking to family members when the opportunity for organ donation arises as a loved one is dying.

　　Created Australia's first paired kidney exchange in 2010 to increase live donor¹⁰ kidney transplants. A sophisticated computer is used to identify matches between sets of would-be donors and would-be recipients¹³.

　　And instituted paid leave for living donors. The 1.3 million dollar initiative reimburses¹⁴ employers for giving donors time off work to recuperate¹⁵ from major surgery.

　　The program began last year and Rosemary Wehbe was the first to sign up.

　　A photography teacher at a Sydney Boys' School, photos also reveal Rosemary's greatest love – family. When her brother Simon learned he needed a kidney, she was delighted she proved a match.

　　ROSEMARY WEHBE: Last year he had three operations and they were quite hard, and seeing your brother suffering I just thought if I can do something I will do it.

　　DOCTOR: How are you going with the pain?

　　ROSEMARY WEHBE: Oh getting much better.

　　SARA JAMES: But it took time to recuperate from surgery – and Rosemary was thankful her time off was paid. She received just over $600 a week for six weeks. Her employer was reimbursed¹⁶ by the federal government.

　　ROSEMARY WEHBE: I didn't have to worry that I am using sick pay that I had saved up or using something that I don't have.

　　DR. JEREMY CHAPMAN: That's pretty good kidney function – it's working very well. That was good of your sister wasn't it!”

　　SARA JAMES: Initial signs suggest the new program is encouraging more people to be living donors – helping¹⁷ more people like Rosemary's brother.

　　SIMON WEHBE: What is it like to feel like someone saved your life? I owe her my life, really.

　　SARA JAMES: While living donors are important, some organs can only come from deceased donors, who must register their consent. But since a potential donor's decision can be overridden¹⁸ by distraught relatives, Cass says training staff for conversations with grieving families is key.

　　YAEL CASS: Organ donation is actually an incredibly rare event. Less than 1 percent of people that die in hospital are potential for organ donors in Australia. Its' a small number and we need circumstances to be absolutely perfect

　　SARA JAMES: All this thinking and planning, Cass says, has contributed to a 60 percent leap in the number of donors in australia in the past four years. But she says much remains¹⁹ to be done.

　　YAEL CASS: We are not resting on our laurels²⁰ because we know we can continue to change the way we manage our donation practice in Australia and continue to provide more transplants for people who are waiting

　　At Westmead hospital, the clinic is humming. Dr. Jeremy Chapman is a renal physician here and the past president of the International Transplantation Society.

　　DR. JEREMY CHAPMAN: This January we did in a period of three weeks one quarter of the whole year's transplants. On a daily basis we are busier. It's quite clear you saw the clinic today, it's chaos²¹. That's great. Love chaos. Organized chaos.

　　SARA JAMES: If you were to give Australia a badge, what would you give it?

　　DR. JEREMY CHAPMAN: I think we'd have to have the badge for most improved in the last couple of years.

　　SARA JAMES: And Damien Blumire would agree. He's indulging in what was for so long a forbidden pleasure.

　　DAMIEN BLUMIRE: It's fantastic. It's something I've dreamed about for 10 years!

　　SARA JAMES: Just days ago, Damien received a call at 5:10 am — a kidney from a deceased donor was a perfect match. He is grateful to the family of that donor – and conscious of a debt he will do his best to repay.

　　DAMIEN BLUMIRE: As much as i've benefited from you know the sadness in their life — it it's just — I mean I'm only 40 years of age!

　　So at 40 years old I've got so many years ahead of me and I've sort of been treading water for the last decade the last quarter of my life this has given me the opportunity to get over that hurdle²² and just go and grab life by the horns and ride it as hard as I can

　　SARA JAMES: And he's only just beginning to picture all the things he can and will do … in his new life.

1 misty   

adj.雾蒙蒙的，有雾的

参考例句：

• He crossed over to the window to see if it was still misty.他走到窗户那儿，看看是不是还有雾霭。
• The misty scene had a dreamy quality about it.雾景给人以梦幻般的感觉。

2 deceptive   

adj.骗人的，造成假象的，靠不住的

参考例句：

• His appearance was deceptive.他的外表带有欺骗性。
• The storyline is deceptively simple.故事情节看似简单，其实不然。

3 ration   

n.定量(pl.)给养，口粮；vt.定量供应

参考例句：

• The country cut the bread ration last year.那个国家去年削减面包配给量。
• We have to ration the water.我们必须限量用水。

4 swelling   

n.肿胀

参考例句：

• Use ice to reduce the swelling. 用冰敷消肿。
• There is a marked swelling of the lymph nodes. 淋巴结处有明显的肿块。

5 uncertainty   

n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物

参考例句：

• Her comments will add to the uncertainty of the situation.她的批评将会使局势更加不稳定。
• After six weeks of uncertainty,the strain was beginning to take its toll.6个星期的忐忑不安后，压力开始产生影响了。

6 chronic   

adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的

参考例句：

• Famine differs from chronic malnutrition.饥荒不同于慢性营养不良。
• Chronic poisoning may lead to death from inanition.慢性中毒也可能由虚弱导致死亡。

7 oversee   

vt.监督，管理

参考例句：

• Soldiers oversee the food handouts.士兵们看管着救济食品。
• Use a surveyor or architect to oversee and inspect the different stages of the work.请一位房产检视员或建筑师来监督并检查不同阶段的工作。

8 intensified   

v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Violence intensified during the night. 在夜间暴力活动加剧了。
• The drought has intensified. 旱情加剧了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 awareness   

n.意识，觉悟，懂事，明智

参考例句：

• There is a general awareness that smoking is harmful.人们普遍认识到吸烟有害健康。
• Environmental awareness has increased over the years.这些年来人们的环境意识增强了。

10 donor   

n.捐献者；赠送人；(组织、器官等的)供体

参考例句：

• In these cases,the recipient usually takes care of the donor afterwards.在这类情况下，接受捐献者以后通常会照顾捐赠者。
• The Doctor transplanted the donor's heart to Mike's chest cavity.医生将捐赠者的心脏移植进麦克的胸腔。

11 donors   

n.捐赠者( donor的名词复数 )；献血者；捐血者；器官捐献者

参考例句：

• Please email us to be removed from our active list of blood donors. 假如你想把自己的名字从献血联系人名单中删去，请给我们发电子邮件。
• About half this amount comes from individual donors and bequests. 这笔钱大约有一半来自个人捐赠及遗赠。 来自《简明英汉词典》

12 specialized   

adj.专门的，专业化的

参考例句：

• There are many specialized agencies in the United Nations.联合国有许多专门机构。
• These tools are very specialized.这些是专用工具。

13 recipients   

adj.接受的；受领的；容纳的；愿意接受的n.收件人；接受者；受领者；接受器

参考例句：

• The recipients of the prizes had their names printed in the paper. 获奖者的姓名登在报上。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The recipients of prizes had their names printed in the paper. 获奖者名单登在报上。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

14 reimburses   

v.偿还，付还( reimburse的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Reimburses the actual medical expenses due to an accidental injury or sickness. 赔偿因罹患疾病或意外事故，而导致的实际医药费用。 来自互联网
• ACE reimburses the insured's loss under policy term. ACE依保单承保责任补偿被保险人之损失。 来自互联网

15 recuperate   

v.恢复

参考例句：

• Stay in the hospital for a few more days to recuperate.再住院几天，好好地恢复。
• He went to the country to recuperate.他去乡下养病去了。

16 reimbursed   

v.偿还，付还( reimburse的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Any out-of-pocket expenses incurred on the firm's business will be reimbursed. 由公司业务产生的开销都可以报销。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Employees are reimbursed for any legal fees incurred when they relocate. 员工调往异地工作时，他们可以报销由此产生的所有法律服务费用。 来自《简明英汉词典》

17 helping   

n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的

参考例句：

• The poor children regularly pony up for a second helping of my hamburger. 那些可怜的孩子们总是要求我把我的汉堡包再给他们一份。
• By doing this, they may at times be helping to restore competition. 这样一来, 他在某些时候,有助于竞争的加强。

18 overridden   

越控( override的过去分词 )； （以权力）否决； 优先于； 比…更重要

参考例句：

• The chairman's veto was overridden by the committee. 主席的否决被委员会推翻了。
• Property '{0}' is not declarable, and cannot be overridden. 属性“{0}”是不可声明的，不能被重写。

19 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

20 laurels   

n.桂冠，荣誉

参考例句：

• The path was lined with laurels.小路两旁都种有月桂树。
• He reaped the laurels in the finals.他在决赛中荣膺冠军。

21 chaos   

n.混乱，无秩序

参考例句：

• After the failure of electricity supply the city was in chaos.停电后，城市一片混乱。
• The typhoon left chaos behind it.台风后一片混乱。

22 hurdle   

n.跳栏，栏架；障碍，困难；vi.进行跨栏赛

参考例句：

• The weather will be the biggest hurdle so I have to be ready.天气将会是最大的障碍，所以我必须要作好准备。
• She clocked 11.6 seconds for the 80 metre hurdle.八十米跳栏赛跑她跑了十一秒六。