PBS高端访谈:美国足球推出新规则以防止儿童脑震荡

 　　GWEN IFILL: A new initiative designed to make soccer safer for young players was just announced by the U.S. Soccer Federation¹. The new rule would set limits on how much players could use their heads to physically² hit the ball. The hope is that it would reduce the number of concussions⁴ and head injuries.

　　William Brangham has more on the changes and the emerging science behind them.

　　WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Today, soccer is one of the leading causes of concussions for young athletes in the U.S. It's not as high as the concussion³ rate for football, but it's close. Tens of thousands of kids get concussions playing soccer every year, and heading the ball is considered a main culprit.

　　Under U.S. soccer's new rules, kids under the age of 10 won't be heading the ball at all. Kids aged⁵ 11-13 will head the ball much less in practice. And there will be new rules on injury substitutions during games. Players 14 and up will continue heading as always.

　　美国足球推出新规则以防止儿童脑震荡

　　These new rules will resolve a lawsuit⁶ brought last year against U.S. soccer and others by a group of parents in California who argued the groups weren't doing enough to protect kids from head injuries. Last year, we reported on the rising concern over concussions in soccer and the push to limit heading for young players.

　　Back then, I talked with one of the leading scientists in the field, Dr. Robert Cantu. He's a neurosurgeon and co-directs a brain study center at Boston University. Cantu acknowledged that the science connecting soccer and brain injury was limited. He's in fact called for much more research to be done.

　　But, even so, he's argued that it's better to be safe and not allow young kids to repeatedly head the ball.

　　DR. ROBERT CANTU, Concussion Legacy⁷ Foundation: If you took heading out of soccer, it wouldn't be behind football in the incidence of concussion. It wouldn't even be in the high-risk group. It would be in a low-risk group.

　　WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Cantu told me that heading the ball, as well as the collisions and hard falls to the ground they often cause, are problematic for kids, because, unlike adult brains, kids' brains are still developing.

　　DR. ROBERT CANTU: The young brain is largely not myelinated. Myelin is the coating of nerve fibers⁸ that connect nerve cells. Similar to coating on a telephone wire, it helps transmission but it also gives strength.

　　And so when you violently shake the young brain, you have a much greater chance to disrupt nerve fibers and their connections than you do an adult brain.

　　WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Cantu says a kids heads also sit on a much less developed neck and torso than an adult's does, so the same blow might cause more shaking to a kid's head than it would to a grownup's.

　　DR. ROBERT CANTU: So, you've got a bobblehead doll effect with our youngsters, so that the very minimal⁹ impact is now going to set their brain in much more motion than it would in an adult brain with a strong neck.

　　WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Cantu says strengthening a kid's neck muscles can help, but those soccer helmets and headgear that you see on the market don't really offer much protection, so he says there's only one thing left to do.

　　DR. ROBERT CANTU: Take the most injurious activity for head injury out of it, but let the rest of the sport go on. And that's playing soccer without heading.

　　WILLIAM BRANGHAM: You can watch the full report on our Web site, PBS.org/NewsHour. You can also read a longer interview with Dr. Cantu about concussions in youth sports.

 

1 federation   

n.同盟，联邦，联合，联盟，联合会

参考例句：

• It is a federation of 10 regional unions.它是由十个地方工会结合成的联合会。
• Mr.Putin was inaugurated as the President of the Russian Federation.普京正式就任俄罗斯联邦总统。

2 physically   

adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律

参考例句：

• He was out of sorts physically,as well as disordered mentally.他浑身不舒服，心绪也很乱。
• Every time I think about it I feel physically sick.一想起那件事我就感到极恶心。

3 concussion   

n.脑震荡；震动

参考例句：

• He was carried off the field with slight concussion.他因轻微脑震荡给抬离了现场。
• She suffers from brain concussion.她得了脑震荡。

4 concussions   

n.震荡( concussion的名词复数 )；脑震荡；冲击；震动

参考例句：

• People who have concussions often trouble thinking or remembering. 患脑震荡的人通常存在思考和记忆障碍。 来自互联网
• Concussions also make a person feel very tired or angry. 脑震荡也会使人感觉疲倦或愤怒。 来自互联网

5 aged   

adj.年老的，陈年的

参考例句：

• He had put on weight and aged a little.他胖了，也老点了。
• He is aged,but his memory is still good.他已年老，然而记忆力还好。

6 lawsuit   

n.诉讼，控诉

参考例句：

• They threatened him with a lawsuit.他们以诉讼威逼他。
• He was perpetually involving himself in this long lawsuit.他使自己无休止地卷入这场长时间的诉讼。

7 legacy   

n.遗产，遗赠；先人(或过去)留下的东西

参考例句：

• They are the most precious cultural legacy our forefathers left.它们是我们祖先留下来的最宝贵的文化遗产。
• He thinks the legacy is a gift from the Gods.他认为这笔遗产是天赐之物。

8 fibers   

光纤( fiber的名词复数 )； （织物的）质地； 纤维，纤维物质

参考例句：

• Thesolution of collagen-PVA was wet spined with the sodium sulfate as coagulant and collagen-PVA composite fibers were prepared. 在此基础上，以硫酸钠为凝固剂，对胶原-PVA共混溶液进行湿法纺丝，制备了胶原-PVA复合纤维。
• Sympathetic fibers are distributed to all regions of the heart. 交感神经纤维分布于心脏的所有部分。

9 minimal   

adj.尽可能少的，最小的

参考例句：

• They referred to this kind of art as minimal art.他们把这种艺术叫微型艺术。
• I stayed with friends, so my expenses were minimal.我住在朋友家，所以我的花费很小。