科学美国人60秒 SSS 火烈鸟对伙伴很挑剔

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Jason Goldman.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·古德曼。

Spend some time watching flamingos², and you might think that not much goes on in their tiny heads.

花点时间观察火烈鸟，你可能会认为它们的小脑袋里没想太多东西。

But these elegant avians actually lead complex social lives.

但这些优雅的鸟实际上过着复杂的社交生活。

Each bird has certain other individuals it prefers to spend time with and others it avoids. In other words, flamingos have friends.

每只鸟都有愿意与之共度时光和想躲开的同类。换句话说，火烈鸟是有朋友的。

The Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, the WWT, manages a number of wetlands in the U.K.,

英国野生鸟类和湿地基金会（简称WWT）负责管理英国的多个湿地，

some of which have communities of captive aquatic³ birds, including flamingos.

其中一些湿地有包括火烈鸟在内的圈养水鸟群。

"They didn't quite know whether they could just take a flamingo¹ out of the environment and stick it in a new flock, and it would be fine.

“他们不太清楚是否可以直接将火烈鸟从环境中带出来，然后放到一个新群体中就行了。

Or should they care a bit more about the social choices that the birds were making?"

还是他们应该多关心一下这些鸟的社交选择？”

Paul Rose, a psychologist at the University of Exeter's Center for Research in Animal Behavior.

埃克塞特大学动物行为研究中心的心理学家保罗·罗斯说到。

For five years, Rose and his team observed the daily goings-on of five of the world's six different flamingo species, housed at the WWT Slimbridge Wetland Center in Gloucestershire.

五年来，罗斯及其团队观察了安置在格洛斯特郡斯林布里奇湿地中心的全球六种火烈鸟中五种的日常活动。

The five species are the Chilean, Andean, American, James's and lesser⁴ flamingos.

这五种火烈鸟分别是智利火烈鸟，安第斯火烈鸟，美洲火烈鸟，詹姆斯火烈鸟和小火烈鸟。

"The partnerships⁵ that we see between birds are nonrandom. The birds are choosing who to associate with."

“我们观察到，火烈鸟之间的伙伴关系并非是随机的。它们在选择与谁来往。”

Male-female pairs spend time together, but so do same-sex pairs and even groups of three or four.

雌雄鸟会在一起，但同性鸟伴侣甚至由三四只鸟组成的小群体也会聚集在一起。

And those relationships can last for many years.

这些关系可以持续很多年。

The findings are in the journal Behavioural Processes.

这项研究结果发表在《行为过程》期刊上。

"So there were some flamingos in the group that really didn't care who their partner was for that day.

“团体中有些火烈鸟真的不在意那天的伙伴是谁。

They would flit around, and they would have many different relationships with many different birds."

它们会飞来飞去，还会与许多同类建立许多不同的关系。”

And of course, there were other flamingos that were less social butterfly and more lone⁶ wolf. But even they had a few close friends.

当然，也有些火烈鸟不太喜欢社交，更喜欢独来独往。但这些鸟也有几个亲密朋友。

"Those birds that were least gregarious⁷ had more investment in a smaller number of social bonds with flamingos that they knew really well."

“那些最不爱社交的火烈鸟，在数量较少而且是它们极为熟悉的同类组成的社交联系中会投入更多。”

Rose thinks that flamingos may have evolved their social lives due to their wetland habitats—

罗斯认为火烈鸟可能因湿地栖息地而进化出社交生活，

in which the resources they need are concentrated in a small area.

因为在湿地中，它们需要的资源都集中在一小块区域。

"The social organization is layered on top of this need to be in one environment, so you have to be gregarious.

“社会组织是分层的，而且需要处于一个环境中，因此你必须群居。

If flamingos know their partners—if they know that these six birds, say, are friendly, and they get on with them—

如果火烈鸟认识伙伴，如果它们认识6只友好且能相处融洽的同类，

they can then waste less energy scrapping⁹ and squabbling with other birds that they don't get on with."

那它们就可以少浪费精力与相处不来的同类吵架和争斗。”

By spending time with their friends, flamingos can more efficiently¹⁰ direct their limited time and energy to activities like foraging¹¹ and mating.

通过和朋友在一起，火烈鸟可以更有效地将有限的时间和精力用于觅食和交配等活动。

"If I want to go stand on one leg and preen¹² my feathers,

“如果我想单腿站立并梳毛，

I'll go and stand on my leg and preen my feathers next to Fiona, because I get on with her,

我会在菲奥娜旁边这样做，因为我和她相处得很好，

rather than next to Frank, because I hate him, and we'll just scrap⁸."

我不会在弗兰克旁边这样做，因为我讨厌他，一见面就会打架。”

If all this sounds familiar, well, we all know a Fiona—as well as a Frank.

如果这一切听起来很耳熟，那我们都认识菲奥娜和弗兰克。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Jason Goldman.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·古德曼。

1 flamingo   

n.红鹳，火烈鸟

参考例句：

• This is the only species of flamingo in the region,easily recognized by its pink plumage.这是那个地区唯一一种火烈鸟，很容易凭粉红色的羽毛辨认出来。
• In my family,I am flamingo in the flock of pigeons.在家里，我就像一只被困在鸽笼里的火烈鸟。

2 flamingos   

n.红鹳，火烈鸟（羽毛粉红、长颈的大涉禽）( flamingo的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Flamingos stand in a salt lake in Larnaca, Cyprus. 塞浦路斯的拉纳卡市一个盐湖中的火烈鸟。 来自互联网
• The research started researchers studied greater flamingos and in a bird sanctuary in southern Spain. 研究人员在西班牙南部的一个鸟类保护区对大型火烈鸟进行研究。 来自互联网

3 aquatic   

adj.水生的，水栖的

参考例句：

• Aquatic sports include swimming and rowing.水上运动包括游泳和划船。
• We visited an aquatic city in Italy.我们在意大利访问过一个水上城市。

4 lesser   

adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地

参考例句：

• Kept some of the lesser players out.不让那些次要的球员参加联赛。
• She has also been affected,but to a lesser degree.她也受到波及，但程度较轻。

5 partnerships   

n.伙伴关系( partnership的名词复数 )；合伙人身份；合作关系

参考例句：

• Partnerships suffer another major disadvantage: decision-making is shared. 合伙企业的另一主要缺点是决定要由大家来作。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• It involved selling off limited partnerships. 它涉及到售出有限的合伙权。 来自辞典例句

6 lone   

adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的

参考例句：

• A lone sea gull flew across the sky.一只孤独的海鸥在空中飞过。
• She could see a lone figure on the deserted beach.她在空旷的海滩上能看到一个孤独的身影。

7 gregarious   

adj.群居的，喜好群居的

参考例句：

• These animals are highly gregarious.这些动物非常喜欢群居。
• They are gregarious birds and feed in flocks.它们是群居鸟类，会集群觅食。

8 scrap   

n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废

参考例句：

• A man comes round regularly collecting scrap.有个男人定时来收废品。
• Sell that car for scrap.把那辆汽车当残品卖了吧。

9 scrapping   

刮，切除坯体余泥

参考例句：

• He was always scrapping at school. 他在学校总打架。
• These two dogs are always scrapping. 这两条狗总是打架。

10 efficiently   

adv.高效率地，有能力地

参考例句：

• The worker oils the machine to operate it more efficiently.工人给机器上油以使机器运转更有效。
• Local authorities have to learn to allocate resources efficiently.地方政府必须学会有效地分配资源。

11 foraging   

v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的现在分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西）

参考例句：

• They eke out a precarious existence foraging in rubbish dumps. 他们靠在垃圾场捡垃圾维持着朝不保夕的生活。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The campers went foraging for wood to make a fire. 露营者去搜寻柴木点火。 来自辞典例句

12 preen   

v.（人）打扮修饰

参考例句：

• 50% of men under 35 spend at least 20 minutes preening themselves every morning in the bathroom.50%的35岁以下男性每天早上至少花20分钟在盥洗室精心打扮。
• Bill preened his beard.比尔精心修剪了他的胡须。