科学美国人60秒 SSS 墨西哥洞穴中隐藏的古老赭石矿

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Emily Schwing.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是埃米莉·施温。

Sometimes discoveries seem so simple.

有时，发现似乎很简单。

"You know, basically, we found a bunch of holes in the ground."

“基本上来说，我们发现了一大堆地下洞穴。”

That's Eduard Reinhardt. He's an archaeologist and geologist¹ at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada.

这是爱德华·莱因哈特所说。他是加拿大安大略省麦克马斯特大学的考古学家和地质学家。

"But, you know, ultimately, very important holes in the ground."

“但归根结底，都是非常重要的地下洞穴。”

Reinhardt and colleagues believe they've found some of the first clear evidence of mining activity in a system of caves in Quintana Roo on the Yucatán Peninsula.

莱因哈特和同事认为，他们首次发现了清晰的证据，证明尤卡坦半岛昆塔纳罗州的洞穴系统中有开矿活动。

The find dates back to between 10 and 12,000 years ago.

这个发现可以追溯到10到1.2万年前。

"So these are some of the very early people that have come and migrated to the Americas via the Bering Strait."

“因此，这些是很早就通过白令海峡来到美洲并迁移至此的人。”

But getting to what remains² of these miners and the tools they left is a challenge.

但要找到这些矿工的遗骸和他们留下的工具是项挑战。

"Like, as cave divers³, you gotta be so careful you don't get lost."

“比如，作为洞穴潜水员，你要非常小心，避免迷路。”

These cave systems in Mexico, which were once dry, are now completely filled with water, thanks to a warming climate and sea levels that rose over time.

墨西哥的这些洞穴系统曾经非常干燥，但由于日益增温的气候和随时间上升的海平面，这些系统现在已完全被水充满。

Winding⁴ passageways are narrow and dark. And the walls are made of unforgiving limestone⁵, porous⁶ and with sharp edges.

蜿蜒曲折的通道狭窄又黑暗。石灰岩筑成的墙壁很难对付，气孔众多，而且边缘锋利。

Reinhardt says the water that filled the caves has preserved everything.

莱因哈特表示，填满洞穴的水保存了一切。

"It's basically almost like somebody working at a factory: they turned the lights off, they went away and nobody ever came back."

“这基本上就像在工厂工作的人：他们关了灯，离开工厂，再也没有人回来过。”

When divers started telling Reinhardt about what they were seeing inside the cave, he decided⁷ to go for a dive himself.

当潜水员开始和莱因哈特讲他们在洞穴中看到的东西，他决定自己亲自下水去看看。

He found concentrations of charcoal—meaning that the people who walked here thousands of years ago probably used fire to light their way.

他发现木炭浓度很高，这意味着几千年前在这里行走的人可能用火来照亮他们的道路。

And there are stone cairns, which Reinhardt believes the people built as navigation markers.

那里还有堆石标，莱因哈特认为人们建造堆石标当作指南标志。

Reinhardt also says lots of tools remain. And they were made from the stalagmites that hung from the cave ceiling.

莱因哈特还表示，那里还保留了大量工具。这些工具由悬挂在洞顶上的石笋做成。

"They were breaking off and then using as hammers.

“他们折断石笋后当锤子用。

So you can see the percussion⁸ marks where they were banging up, breaking up the stone on the bottom."

因此，你可以看到敲打的痕迹，就在锤子碰撞并砸碎下面石头的地方。”

The discovery is in the journal Science Advances.

这一发现发表在《科学进步》期刊上。

So what were these ancient people mining and prospecting⁹ for?

那这些古代人在开采和勘探什么呢？

"There was a little bit of sediment¹⁰ still on the wall of the pit. So I grabbed a vial, my sample vial, and grabbed some of this sediment.

“矿井墙上依旧有少量沉积物。所以我拿了个小瓶，这是我的样品瓶，然后采集了一些沉积物。

And underwater, the red light gets attenuated¹¹, so it looked kind of brown. And I was thinking, Well, maybe it's ocher.

红光在水下会变暗，所以看起来有点像棕色。我当时想，这可能是赭石。

You know, I was thinking about that, but it's like, Well, it looks kind of cruddy, I don't think that's what it is.

我当时还在想，这东西虽然看起来有点粗糙，但我不认为这是它本来的样子。

But then I got out of the cave and into the sunlight, and it was just like this spectacular bright, bright red. So then I knew that that's what they were after."

但之后我走出洞穴来到阳光下，我发现它呈现出壮观的鲜红色。那时我知道它是什么了。”

Ocher—it's among the earliest known pigments¹² employed by humans.

那就是赭石，是人类使用的已知最早的颜料之一。

And it's got many uses: for sunscreen, to preserve animal skins, in burials and ceremonies. And people still use it, even today, in artwork.

它有很多用途：可以制造防晒霜，保存兽皮，用于葬礼和庆典。人们现在甚至将其应用于艺术品。

"Yeah, I mean, it was, you know, it's a prominent and used geomaterial, if you will, throughout the time period.

“是的，可以说赭石是非常杰出的、整个人类时期都在使用的岩土材料。

And dates to usage for thousands of years prior to Paleo-Indians around the world."

其应用时间能追溯到古印第安人之前数千年。”

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Emily Schwing.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是埃米莉·施温。

1 geologist   

n.地质学家

参考例句：

• The geologist found many uncovered fossils in the valley.在那山谷里，地质学家发现了许多裸露的化石。
• He was a geologist,rated by his cronies as the best in the business.他是一位地质学家，被他的老朋友们看做是这门行当中最好的一位。

2 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

3 divers   

adj.不同的；种种的

参考例句：

• He chose divers of them,who were asked to accompany him.他选择他们当中的几个人，要他们和他作伴。
• Two divers work together while a standby diver remains on the surface.两名潜水员协同工作，同时有一名候补潜水员留在水面上。

4 winding   

n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈

参考例句：

• A winding lane led down towards the river.一条弯弯曲曲的小路通向河边。
• The winding trail caused us to lose our orientation.迂回曲折的小道使我们迷失了方向。

5 limestone   

n.石灰石

参考例句：

• Limestone is often used in building construction.石灰岩常用于建筑。
• Cement is made from limestone.水泥是由石灰石制成的。

6 porous   

adj.可渗透的，多孔的

参考例句：

• He added sand to the soil to make it more porous.他往土里掺沙子以提高渗水性能。
• The shell has to be slightly porous to enable oxygen to pass in.外壳不得不有些细小的孔以便能使氧气通过。

7 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

8 percussion   

n.打击乐器；冲突，撞击；震动，音响

参考例句：

• In an orchestra,people who play percussion instruments sit at the back.在管弦乐队中，演奏打击乐器的人会坐在后面。
• Percussion of the abdomen is often omitted.腹部叩诊常被省略。

9 prospecting   

n.探矿

参考例句：

• The prospecting team ploughed their way through the snow. 探险队排雪前进。
• The prospecting team has traversed the length and breadth of the land. 勘探队踏遍了祖国的山山水水。

10 sediment   

n.沉淀，沉渣，沉积(物)

参考例句：

• The sediment settled and the water was clear.杂质沉淀后，水变清了。
• Sediment begins to choke the channel's opening.沉积物开始淤塞河道口。

11 attenuated   

v.（使）变细( attenuate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）变薄；（使）变小；减弱

参考例句：

• an attenuated form of the virus 毒性已衰减的病毒
• You're a seraphic suggestion of attenuated thought . 你的思想是轻灵得如同天使一般的。 来自辞典例句

12 pigments   

n.（粉状）颜料( pigment的名词复数 )；天然色素

参考例句：

• The Romans used natural pigments on their fabrics and walls. 古罗马人在织物和墙壁上使用天然颜料。 来自辞典例句
• The original white lead pigments have oxidized and turned black. 最初的白色铅质颜料氧化后变成了黑色。 来自辞典例句