科学美国人60秒 SSS 阿拉斯加鲑鱼正在变小

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Julia Rosen.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是朱莉娅·罗森。

Every year, salmon¹ come home to Alaska's frigid² rivers to mate, lay their eggs and die.

每年，鲑鱼都会回到阿拉斯加寒冷的河流里交配、产卵和死亡。

The state's salmon runs are some of the biggest in the world.

阿拉斯加州的鲑鱼洄游，有些是全世界规模最大的。

But over the past few decades, those big salmon runs have featured ever smaller salmon.

但过去几十年，这些大规模鲑鱼洄游中的鲑鱼个头越来越小。

"You talk to people up there who've been fishing for long time,

“如果你和长期在那里捕鱼的人聊天，

and they're definitely able to tell you that, you know, we just don't see those really large, old salmon that we used to see."

他们肯定会告诉你，他们看不到以前那些个头大且年老的鲑鱼了。”

Krista Oke, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

阿拉斯加费尔班克斯大学的博士后研究员克里斯塔·奥克说到。

Oke and colleagues at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and elsewhere analyzed³ records of fish size going back to the 1950s.

奥克和加州大学圣克鲁斯分校及其他地方的同事分析了可追溯到上世纪50年代的鲑鱼体型记录。

They included data on some 12.5 million salmon—each of which had to be measured by someone from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.

这包括约1250万条鲑鱼的数据，每一条鲑鱼都必须由阿拉斯加渔猎局的人员测量。

And there's no question about it: salmon have shrunk.

毫无疑问：鲑鱼变小了。

Sockeye salmon today are 2.1 percent shorter than their ancestors.

如今的红鲑比它们的祖先短了2.1%。

Chum salmon are 2.4 percent shorter, and coho are 3.3 percent shorter. Chinook, or king, salmon showed the greatest declines at 8 percent.

狗鲑短了2.4%，银鲑短了3.3%。奇努克鲑或国王鲑的降幅最大，为8%。身长平均差异超过两英寸。

That's an average difference of more than two inches in length. The study is in the journal Nature Communications.

这项研究发表在《自然通讯》期刊上。

The researchers haven't nailed down the exact reasons behind this trend.

研究人员尚未弄清这一趋势背后的确切原因。

But their analysis suggests that climate change and competition with wild and hatchery-raised salmon both play a role.

但他们的分析表明，气候变化以及野生鲑鱼和孵化养殖鲑鱼的竞争都起到了作用。

They also discovered that much of the change in body size is due to fish returning from the ocean at a younger age now than in the past.

他们还发现，体型的变化很大程度上是由于从海洋洄流返回的鲑鱼年龄比过去要小。

Oke says fish could be returning earlier because they're reaching maturity⁴ faster for some reason—

奥克表示，鲑鱼更早返回，是因为它们出于某些原因更快地到达了成熟期，

or because the ocean has become a riskier⁵ place for older salmon to survive.

或者因为海洋已成为老龄鲑鱼生存的更危险场所。

"What could be happening is the salmon that otherwise would have returned large and old just aren't making it that long."

“可能的情况是，鲑鱼原本返回时可以更大更年长，但它们只是没能长到那么长。”

Whatever the cause, this size shift has massive ramifications⁶ for people and the environment.

无论是什么原因，这种体型的转变对人类和环境都有巨大的影响。

Oke and her team calculated that catching⁷ smaller fish may have already slashed⁸ the value of Alaska's commercial salmon fisheries by 21 percent.

奥克及其团队计算出，捕获较小的鱼可能已使阿拉斯加商业鲑鱼渔业的价值下降了21%。

It's also likely reduced the food available to subsistence fishers—

这还可能使自给自足的农民可获得的食物减少26%之多，

many of whom rely on stores of salmon to get them through the long, harsh winter—by as much as 26 percent.

而他们中的许多人都依赖储存鲑鱼来度过漫长的严冬。

On the ecological⁹ side, the researchers estimated that smaller fish lay 16 percent fewer eggs, which could depress salmon populations in the future.

在生态方面，研究人员估计，较小的硅鱼产卵量减少了16%，这可能会在未来抑制鲑鱼的数量。

And the salmon bring 28 percent fewer nutrients¹⁰ into the watersheds¹¹ where they spawn¹², according to the study.

研究表明，鲑鱼带到产卵流域的营养物质减少了28%。

"After they breed and die, their carcasses actually fertilize¹³ freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems¹⁴ with these marine-derived nutrients that are really important

“在繁殖和死亡后，鲑鱼的尸体会用这些源自海洋的营养物质为淡水和陆地生态系统施肥，这些营养物质非常重要，

and that get used by all kinds of animals, like bears and songbirds, and even taken up into trees."

它们会被熊和禽等各种动物利用，甚至会被树木吸收。”

With no single factor to blame for shrinking salmon, there's no obvious fix, Oke says.

奥克表示，由于鲑鱼体型萎缩无法归咎于单一因素，因此没有明显的解决方法。

But there are still plenty of fish in the sea. They're just smaller than they used to be.

但海里仍有很多鱼。它们只是比以前小了而已。

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Julia Rosen.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是朱莉娅·罗森。

1 salmon   

n.鲑，大马哈鱼，橙红色的

参考例句：

• We saw a salmon jumping in the waterfall there.我们看见一条大马哈鱼在那边瀑布中跳跃。
• Do you have any fresh salmon in at the moment?现在有新鲜大马哈鱼卖吗？

2 frigid   

adj.寒冷的，凛冽的；冷淡的；拘禁的

参考例句：

• The water was too frigid to allow him to remain submerged for long.水冰冷彻骨，他在下面呆不了太长时间。
• She returned his smile with a frigid glance.对他的微笑她报以冷冷的一瞥。

3 analyzed   

v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析

参考例句：

• The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程，因为对他来说，爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 maturity   

n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期

参考例句：

• These plants ought to reach maturity after five years.这些植物五年后就该长成了。
• This is the period at which the body attains maturity.这是身体发育成熟的时期。

5 riskier   

冒险的，危险的( risky的比较级 )

参考例句：

• Now they are starting to demand higher returns on riskier assets. 而今他们开始在风险更高的资产上要求更高的回报。
• The problem with that: RIM's business is getting riskier every quarter. 不过问题也随之而来：RIM面临的业务风险正逐季增大。

6 ramifications   

n.结果，后果( ramification的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• These changes are bound to have widespread social ramifications. 这些变化注定会造成许多难以预料的社会后果。
• What are the ramifications of our decision to join the union? 我们决定加入工会会引起哪些后果呢？ 来自《简明英汉词典》

7 catching   

adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住

参考例句：

• There are those who think eczema is catching.有人就是认为湿疹会传染。
• Enthusiasm is very catching.热情非常富有感染力。

8 slashed   

v.挥砍( slash的过去式和过去分词 )；鞭打；割破；削减

参考例句：

• Someone had slashed the tyres on my car. 有人把我的汽车轮胎割破了。
• He slashed the bark off the tree with his knife. 他用刀把树皮从树上砍下。 来自《简明英汉词典》

9 ecological   

adj.生态的，生态学的

参考例句：

• The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
• Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.

10 nutrients   

n.（食品或化学品）营养物，营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 watersheds   

n.分水岭( watershed的名词复数 )；分水线；转折点；流域

参考例句：

• Hyetographs are important in estimating stormflow hydrographs from upstream watersheds. 降雨历线资料为上游集水区推估洪水流量历线的重要依据。 来自互联网
• Sediments check dam in small watersheds in loess hilly gully area come from three proportion, i. 黄土丘陵沟壑区治沟骨干工程泥沙淤积来源于坡面侵蚀、沟道侵蚀和库区岸坡坍塌。 来自互联网

12 spawn   

n.卵，产物，后代，结果；vt.产卵，种菌丝于，产生，造成；vi.产卵，大量生产

参考例句：

• The fish were madly pushing their way upstream to spawn.鱼群为产卵而疯狂地向上游挤进。
• These fish will lay spawn in about one month from now.这些鱼大约一个月内会产卵。

13 fertilize   

v.使受精，施肥于，使肥沃

参考例句：

• Fertilizer is a substance put on land to fertilize it.肥料是施在地里使之肥沃的物质。
• Reading will fertilize his vocabulary.阅读会丰富他的词汇。

14 ecosystems   

n.生态系统( ecosystem的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• There are highly sensitive and delicately balanced ecosystems in the forest. 森林里有高度敏感、灵敏平衡的各种生态系统。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Madagascar's ecosystems range from rainforest to semi-desert. 马达加斯加生态系统类型多样，从雨林到半荒漠等不一而足。 来自辞典例句