科学美国人60秒 SSS 冰河时期的气温有助于预测未来的变暖

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Julia Rosen.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是朱莉娅·罗森。

How much colder was it at the peak of the last ice age? That's a question scientists have been trying to answer for decades.

在上一个冰河世纪的顶峰时期，气温比现在低多少？这是科学家数十年来一直试图回答的问题。

And now they have a new best guess: 11 degrees Fahrenheit¹.

现在他们有了新的最佳猜测：11华氏度。

That's a lot, especially considering it's a global average. Parts of North America were much colder.

温度相差很多，尤其是考虑到这是全球平均水平。北美部分地区要冷得多。

"First of all, large areas of the northeast were completely under ice.

“首先，东北部大片地区完全被冰覆盖。

So that would have been pretty chilly²; you wouldn't be living there.

所以会相当寒冷；人们不会住在那里。

But even here in the west, right, where we weren't covered by an ice sheet, it would have been something like 20 degrees Fahrenheit lower."

但即使在未被冰层覆盖的西部，气温也会低20华氏度左右。”

Jessica Tierney, a paleoclimatologist at the University of Arizona.

亚利桑那大学的古气候学家杰西卡·蒂尔尼说到。

Tierney and her colleagues spent years compiling information about Earth's climate at the height of the last glacial period, about 20,000 years ago.

蒂尔尼和同事花费数年汇编了大约2万年前最后一次冰河时期高峰时的地球气候信息。

"We obviously don't have thermometers in the glacial period, so we have to instead look for these kinds of stand-in indicators³."

“显然，在冰川时期我们没有温度计，因此我们必须寻找这些替代指示器。”

One kind of stand-in is plankton⁴ that lived in the ocean and got preserved in marine⁵ sediments⁶.

其中一种替代物是生活在海洋中并保存在海洋沉积物中的浮游生物。

Scientists use these fossils to infer past ocean temperatures by studying changes in the chemistry of their shells and in the kinds of fats and other compounds they produced.

科学家利用这些化石，通过研究它们外壳中化学物质、脂肪类型以及它们产生的其他合物的变化，来推断过去海洋的温度。

Tierney and her team then combined these data with a climate model to give a full picture of glacial conditions.

随后，蒂尔尼和团队将这些数据与气候模型结合起来，提供了冰川环境的全貌。

"It's actually a technique used every day in weather forecasting. What's new is we're using it for the past, not the future.

“这实际上是一种每天都在天气预报中使用的技术。不同的是，我们用它来推断过去，而不是预测未来。

So we are actually, you know, hindcasting, if you will, rather than forecasting."

可以说，我们实际上是在后报，而不是预测。“

The study is in the journal Nature.

这项研究发表在《自然》期刊上。

The findings suggest that the last ice age was significantly colder than scientists thought. And that matters today.

研究结果表明，上一个冰河时期比科学家想象的要冷得多。这在今天很重要。

"The reason that we want to know how cold the last ice age is, beyond the fact that it's just a cool thing to know,

“我们想知道上一个冰河期有多冷，除了知道这点会很酷以外，

is that we can actually use it to understand a quantity called climate sensitivity."

还因为我们可以用它来理解一个被称为气候敏感性的量。”

Climate sensitivity is a measure of how much the planet warms in response to rising greenhouse gases.

气候敏感性是衡量地球因温室气体增加而变暖程度的指标。

In this long-ago case, we know how much carbon dioxide concentrations increased between the last ice age and preindustrial period from air bubbles trapped in ancient ice.

在这个很久以前的例子中，通过冻在古代冰块中的气泡，我们知道在最后一个冰河时期和前工业化时期之间，二氧化碳的浓度增加了多少。

And now we have Tierney's new results on the temperature difference between glacial and interglacial conditions.

现在我们还掌握了蒂尔尼关于冰期和间冰期之间的温差研究的新结果。

Together, these data suggest that low-end estimates of climate sensitivity—in which greenhouse gases don't cause much warming—are unlikely to be correct.

总之，这些数据表明，对气候敏感性的低端估计——即温室气体不会导致严重变暖——不太可能是正确的。

"If we had low climate sensitivity, then we would be less worried, you know, about what all the CO2 emissions⁷ are going to do.

“如果我们对气候的敏感性较低，那我们就不会那么担心所有二氧化碳排放会造成什么后果。

And so we can kind of rule that possibility out—you know, I suppose that's not great news."

因此，我们基本上可以排除这种可能性，我认为这不是什么好消息。”

Thanks for listening for Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Julia Rosen.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是朱莉娅·罗森。

1 Fahrenheit   

n./adj.华氏温度；华氏温度计(的)

参考例句：

• He was asked for the boiling point of water in Fahrenheit.他被问到水的沸点是华氏多少度。
• The thermometer reads 80 degrees Fahrenheit.寒暑表指出华氏80度。

2 chilly   

adj.凉快的，寒冷的

参考例句：

• I feel chilly without a coat.我由于没有穿大衣而感到凉飕飕的。
• I grew chilly when the fire went out.炉火熄灭后，寒气逼人。

3 indicators   

（仪器上显示温度、压力、耗油量等的）指针( indicator的名词复数 )； 指示物； （车辆上的）转弯指示灯； 指示信号

参考例句：

• The economic indicators are better than expected. 经济指标比预期的好。
• It is still difficult to develop indicators for many concepts used in social science. 为社会科学领域的许多概念确立一个指标仍然很难。

4 plankton   

n.浮游生物

参考例句：

• Plankton is at the bottom of the marine food chain.浮游生物处于海洋食物链的最底层。
• The plankton in the sea feeds many kinds of animals. 海的浮游生物成为很多种动物的食物。

5 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

6 sediments   

沉淀物( sediment的名词复数 )； 沉积物

参考例句：

• When deposited, 70-80% of the volume of muddy sediments may be water. 泥质沉积物沉积后，体积的70-80％是水。
• Oligocene erosion had truncated the sediments draped over the dome. 覆盖于穹丘上的沉积岩为渐新世侵蚀所截削。

7 emissions   

排放物( emission的名词复数 )； 散发物（尤指气体）

参考例句：

• Most scientists accept that climate change is linked to carbon emissions. 大多数科学家都相信气候变化与排放的含碳气体有关。
• Dangerous emissions radiate from plutonium. 危险的辐射物从钚放散出来。