科学美国人60秒 SSS 岩蹄兔是会唱歌的哺乳动物

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Jason Goldman.

这里是科学美国人——60秒科学系列，我是杰森·古德曼。

Got a minute?

有一分钟时间吗？

They grow to about 20 inches long and weigh less than 10 pounds. So you might not think they'd be the closest living relatives to elephants.

它们长到大约20英寸长，体重不到10磅。所以你可能不会认为它们是大象的近亲。

Meet the rock hyrax, sometimes called the rock rabbit or the dassie, common in rocky areas of Africa and the Middle East.

来认识一下岩蹄兔，有时被称为岩兔或蹄兔，常见于非洲和中东的岩石地区。

They live in groups of up to 80 individuals.

它们群居生活，最多可达80只个体。

"The hyraxes are a mammal that has a rare phenomenon, which is singing.

“岩蹄兔是一种哺乳动物，它有一种罕见的现象，那就是唱歌。

We know a lot of birds sing, but we don't have many mammals that actually perform a song, a complex song with different syllables¹ coming in bouts².

我们知道很多鸟类会唱歌，但我们不知道许多哺乳动物也会唱歌，这是一种复杂的有不同音节的歌声。

And these bouts are complex. And along the song, they get more and more complex, they get longer, they include more sounds."

这些音调很复杂。而且随着歌曲的发展，音节会变得越来越复杂，越来越长，并包含更多声音。”

Biomusicologist Yishai Weissman from Bar-Ilan University and Hebrew University in Israel.

以色列巴伊兰大学和希伯来大学的生物音乐学家伊沙·魏斯曼说到。

"We've tried to understand the meaning of all this—why a hyrax would waste time and energy and expose himself to predators³ by singing such a loud song."

“我们试图理解这一切的意义，为什么岩蹄兔会浪费时间和精力，这么大声地唱歌，将自己暴露在捕食者面前。”

Weissman and his team recorded the songs of male hyraxes during mating season, and they analyzed⁴ their structure.

魏斯曼和团队记录了雄性岩蹄兔在交配季节的歌声，并分析了这些歌声的结构。

"We found that the song is an advertisement for male quality.

“我们发现这首歌是雄性品质的广告。

And in the song, the rarest thing, most interesting element, is the snort.

在这首歌中，最稀有、最有趣的元素是喷鼻息声。

It sounds like this—just like a snort. The whole song seems to be an introduction for these snorts."

这听起来就像是喷鼻息声。整首歌似乎是对这些喷鼻息声的介绍。”

In the earliest parts of the song, snorts are relatively⁵ rare.

在歌曲的最初部分，喷鼻息声相对较少。

But as the song continues, they become more common, resulting in a snort crescendo⁶.

但随着歌曲的继续，喷鼻息声变得越来越普遍，并继而达到喷鼻息声高潮。

The increase in snorts reflects the animals' inner emotional state: as they become more excited or more aggressive, their songs become, well, snortier.

喷鼻息声的增加反映了动物内心的情绪状态：当它们变得更兴奋或更具攻击性时，它们的歌声中的“喷鼻息声”就会更多。

And those snorts, according to Weissman's findings, also become louder and harsher.

根据魏斯曼的发现，这些喷鼻息声也会变得更加响亮和刺耳。

The snorty study is in the journal Animal Behaviour.

这项研究发表在《动物行为》期刊上。

Weissman thinks that the snort crescendo, together with the increasing harshness,

魏斯曼认为，喷鼻息声渐强，再加上越来越刺耳，

make the songs impossible to ignore and grabs the attention of other hyraxes—which makes sense.

使得歌声不可能被忽视，而且吸引了其它岩蹄兔的注意，这是有道理的。

Harshness is a salient feature in the sounds of crying newborns, barking dogs and frightened piglets.

刺耳是新生儿哭声、狗吠声和受惊吓的小猪叫声的显著特征。

Acoustic⁷ harshness is routinely used in movie soundtracks to increase tension—and attention.

电影配乐中经常使用刺耳声音来增加紧张感和注意力。

"It might be that these snorts are what's keeping the listeners listening.

“可能是这些喷鼻息声让听众一直在听。

A lot of times, the hyrax is just busy eating leaves, and they don't even turn their heads to someone that's singing.

很多时候，岩蹄兔只是忙着吃树叶，它们甚至不会把头转向唱歌的人。

The snorts might be what serves as an attention grabber. And getting harsher and harsher might keep the listeners from droning off."

喷鼻息声可能被用来吸引注意力。而越来越刺耳可能会让听众不再喋喋不休。”

For Weissman, this work isn't only about understanding the nuances of hyrax communication.

对魏斯曼来说，这项工作不仅仅是为了理解岩蹄兔交流的细微差别。

He believes that understanding why hyraxes sing, and how they construct their songs,

他认为，了解岩蹄兔为什么唱歌，以及它们如何构造自己的歌声，

could reveal something about the evolutionary⁸ origins of human speech and human music—which is no snorting matter.

可以揭示人类语言和音乐的进化起源，而这可不是嗤笑了事的事情。

Thanks for the minute for Scientific American's 60-second Science. I'm Jason Goldman.

谢谢大家收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·古德曼。

1 syllables   

n.音节( syllable的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• a word with two syllables 双音节单词
• 'No. But I'll swear it was a name of two syllables.' “想不起。不过我可以发誓，它有两个音节。” 来自英汉文学 - 双城记

2 bouts   

n.拳击（或摔跤）比赛( bout的名词复数 )；一段（工作）；（尤指坏事的）一通；（疾病的）发作

参考例句：

• For much of his life he suffered from recurrent bouts of depression. 他的大半辈子反复发作抑郁症。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• It was one of fistiana's most famous championship bouts. 这是拳击界最有名的冠军赛之一。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

3 predators   

n.食肉动物( predator的名词复数 )；奴役他人者（尤指在财务或性关系方面）

参考例句：

• birds and their earthbound predators 鸟和地面上捕食它们的动物
• The eyes of predators are highly sensitive to the slightest movement. 捕食性动物的眼睛能感觉到最细小的动静。 来自《简明英汉词典》

4 analyzed   

v.分析( analyze的过去式和过去分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析

参考例句：

• The doctors analyzed the blood sample for anemia. 医生们分析了贫血的血样。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The young man did not analyze the process of his captivation and enrapturement, for love to him was a mystery and could not be analyzed. 这年轻人没有分析自己蛊惑著迷的过程，因为对他来说，爱是个不可分析的迷。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 relatively   

adv.比较...地，相对地

参考例句：

• The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
• The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。

6 crescendo   

n.(音乐)渐强，高潮

参考例句：

• The gale reached its crescendo in the evening.狂风在晚上达到高潮。
• There was a crescendo of parliamentary and press criticism.来自议会和新闻界的批评越来越多。

7 acoustic   

adj.听觉的，声音的；(乐器)原声的

参考例句：

• The hall has a fine acoustic.这个大厅的传音效果很好。
• Animals use a whole rang of acoustic, visual,and chemical signals in their systems of communication.动物利用各种各样的听觉、视觉和化学信号来进行交流。

8 evolutionary   

adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的

参考例句：

• Life has its own evolutionary process.生命有其自身的进化过程。
• These are fascinating questions to be resolved by the evolutionary studies of plants.这些十分吸引人的问题将在研究植物进化过程中得以解决。