有声读物《孙子兵法》第62期:第十一章 九地(1)

 　　九地篇 NO.1：

　　1.用兵之法，有散地，有轻地，有争地，有交地，有衢地，有重地，有圮地，有围地，有死地。

　　诸侯自战其地者，为散地；入人之地不深者，为轻地；

　　我得亦利，彼得亦利者，为争地；我可以往，彼可以来者，为交地； 诸侯之地三属，先至而得天下众者，为衢地；

　　入人之地深，背城邑多者，为重地；山林、险阻、沮泽，凡难行之道者，为泛地；

　　所由入者隘，所从归者迂，彼寡可以击吾之众者，为围地；疾战则存，不疾战则亡者，为死地。

　　是故散地则无战，轻地则无止，争地则无攻，交地则无绝，衢地则合交，重地则掠，泛地则行，围地则谋，死地则战。

　　这句啥意思：

　　孙子说：按照用兵的原则，军事地理有散地、轻地、争地、交地、衢地、重地、圮地、围地、死地。

　　诸侯在本国境内作战的地区，叫做散地。

　　在敌国浅近纵深作战的地区，叫做轻地。

　　我方得到有利，敌人得到也有利的地区，叫做争地。

　　我军可以前往，敌军也可以前来的地区，叫做交地。

　　多国相毗邻，先到就可以获得诸侯列国援助的地区，叫做衢地。

　　深入敌国腹地，背靠敌人众多城邑的地区，叫做重地。

　　山林险阻沼泽等难于通行的地区，叫做圮地。

　　行军的道路狭窄，退兵的道路迂远，敌人可以用少量兵力攻击我方众多兵力的地区，叫做围地。

　　迅速奋战就能生存，不迅速奋战就会全军覆灭的地区，叫做死地。

　　因此，处于散地就不宜作战，处于轻地就不宜停留，遇上争地就不要勉强强攻，遇上交地就不要断绝联络，

　　进入衢地就应该结交诸侯，深入重地就要掠取粮草，碰到圮地就必须迅速通过，陷入围地就要设谋脱险，处于死地就要力战求生。

　　英文这么说：

　　Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground:

　　(1) Dispersive¹ ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious² ground;(4) open ground; (5) ground of intersecting highways;(6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) hemmed³-in ground;(9) desperate ground.

　　When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory,it is dispersive ground.

　　When he has penetrated⁴ into hostile territory,but to no great distance, it is facile ground.

　　Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is contentious ground.

　　Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.

　　Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states,so that he who occupies it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting highways.

　　When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a number of fortified⁵ cities in its rear, it is serious ground.

　　Mountain forests, rugged⁶ steeps, marshes⁷ and fens—all country that is hard to traverse: this is difficultground.

　　Ground which is reached through narrow gorges,and from which we can only retire by tortuous⁸ paths,so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.

　　Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without delay, is desperate ground.

　　On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not.On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground,attack not.

　　On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way.On the ground of intersecting highways, join hands with your allies.

　　On serious ground, gather in plunder⁹.In difficult ground, keep steadily¹⁰ on the march.

　　On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem¹¹.On desperate ground, fight.

　　内容小析

　　《九地篇》是《地形篇》的姐妹篇，是针对地形地理如何用兵的进一步研究。本章论述了军队在九种不同的地域作战时的用兵原则，强调要善于利用在不同作战地域官兵的不同心理状态，采取相应的作战策略。在兵法思想中，孙子非常注重天时、地利对战争的影响。在本篇中，孙子根据不同的地形对战争所产生的不同影响，把作战地形分为九类，并提出了在这九类地形中作战所应遵循的基本原则。

1 Dispersive   

adj. 分散的

参考例句：

• In many atomic fluorescence applications a non-dispersive optical system may be used. 在许多原子荧光法的应用中，可以采用非分散的光学系统。
• The wave are of course dispersive. 当然这种波是弥散的。

2 contentious   

adj.好辩的，善争吵的

参考例句：

• She was really not of the contentious fighting sort.她委实不是好吵好闹的人。
• Since then they have tended to steer clear of contentious issues.从那时起，他们总想方设法避开有争议的问题。

3 hemmed   

缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围

参考例句：

• He hemmed and hawed but wouldn't say anything definite. 他总是哼儿哈儿的，就是不说句痛快话。
• The soldiers were hemmed in on all sides. 士兵们被四面包围了。

4 penetrated   

adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式

参考例句：

• The knife had penetrated his chest. 刀子刺入了他的胸膛。
• They penetrated into territory where no man had ever gone before. 他们已进入先前没人去过的地区。

5 fortified   

adj. 加强的

参考例句：

• He fortified himself against the cold with a hot drink. 他喝了一杯热饮御寒。
• The enemy drew back into a few fortified points. 敌人收缩到几个据点里。

6 rugged   

adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的

参考例句：

• Football players must be rugged.足球运动员必须健壮。
• The Rocky Mountains have rugged mountains and roads.落基山脉有崇山峻岭和崎岖不平的道路。

7 marshes   

n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Cows were grazing on the marshes. 牛群在湿地上吃草。
• We had to cross the marshes. 我们不得不穿过那片沼泽地。 来自《简明英汉词典》

8 tortuous   

adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的

参考例句：

• We have travelled a tortuous road.我们走过了曲折的道路。
• They walked through the tortuous streets of the old city.他们步行穿过老城区中心弯弯曲曲的街道。

9 plunder   

vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠

参考例句：

• The thieves hid their plunder in the cave.贼把赃物藏在山洞里。
• Trade should not serve as a means of economic plunder.贸易不应当成为经济掠夺的手段。

10 steadily   

adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地

参考例句：

• The scope of man's use of natural resources will steadily grow.人类利用自然资源的广度将日益扩大。
• Our educational reform was steadily led onto the correct path.我们的教学改革慢慢上轨道了。

11 stratagem   

n.诡计，计谋

参考例句：

• Knit the brows and a stratagem comes to mind.眉头一皱，计上心来。
• Trade discounts may be used as a competitive stratagem to secure customer loyalty.商业折扣可以用作维护顾客忠诚度的一种竞争策略。