词汇大师-- Annotation and Other Tips

　　AA: I'm Avi Arditti with Rosanne Skirble, and this week on WORDMASTER: we talk more with English teacher Maria Spelleri about how to get the most out of college textbooks for English language learners.
RS: "Should the student be looking up every word as it appears?"

　　MARIA SPELLERI: "No, the most important words to pay attention to are the new terminology¹ for the field. So many of those freshman² books focus on those words, and every publisher has some kind of code to make those words pop out at the student. They're bolded or italicized. These are the words that are going to be on the test. These are the words you need to throw back to the professor to show the professor that you know what's going on in the class and that you've done the reading. So this is where you should put your primary focus."
RS: "Should a student be taking notes?"
MARIA SPELLERI: "Oh, absolutely. If I see an empty textbook, then I'm seeing a student who hasn't interacted well with a text. And students should fully³ annotate⁴ their textbooks. I know that they're expensive and many people want to preserve them in a pristine⁵ condition to sell back. But to get full use of them you need to be annotating⁶ in the margins⁷: finding the main ideas, making vocabulary notes, even little illustrations or charts, questions for your own study purposes."
AA: "That would be good even for native English speakers, I would think."
MARIA SPELLERI: "Oh, absolutely. I mean, anyone who needs to read big business reports or wade⁸ through financial information should always be reading that with a pencil in hand. There's something about the seeing it and the doing it, the movement of the hand at the same time, that really helps people to comprehend and remember things better."
AA: "So, I'm curious, why are textbooks turning out like this? Are publishers not doing the best job they can?"
MARIA SPELLERI: "Well, you know, I think there's only so much they can do with the amount of material that professors require the textbooks to have. But, in fact, I think textbooks have really, really improved from fifteen, twenty years ago. They have many more aids to the student embedded¹⁰ within them: advice on how to use the book better, references to Web sites, study guides embedded within the textbooks, study questions. I think they've come a long way."
RS: "How would you go about analyzing¹¹ a specific chapter?"
MARIA SPELLERI: "Well, this is a really important thing to do, because all chapters are laid out in the same way. So by picking any chapter you want -- preferably not the first chapter, but picking something out of the middle of the book and taking a good look at the kinds of fonts that are used, the colors that are used for the headings, the subheadings, for the sidebar information.
"This gives you a very good visual cue as to the prioritization of the points within the chapter. And this is going to help you study as well. You'll know what points come out of other points. And as you flip¹² through chapters, you'll see how the chapter is divided according to what kind of fonts or size or color or whatever is used for each section. So it's a great thing to fully analyze¹³ a single chapter and learn how it's put together."
RS: "Would you advise students to get together in groups outside of class to try to manage their textbooks better?"
MARIA SPELLERI: "Well, you know, a lot of people recommend this, but I think it really depends on the learning style of the student. There are students who function better in groups; they need to say their thoughts out loud and explain things to other people and have people talk back to them about the ideas. And for those people, absolutely, group work is the way to go, group discussion, group study. But then there are other people who just fare better working on their own in like a quiet environment. So I think it really depends on the learning style."
AA: We asked English teacher Maria Spelleri about the value of outlining a chapter. She brought up something we talked about last week -- the SQ3R method.
MARIA SPELLERI: "It is Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review. And in the recite portion, this is kind of like an oral recitation of what you can remember. But this is also a good time to write things down on another piece of paper and try to prepare an outline of the chapter. And go back and look at your annotations¹⁴ and work through those and put those into an outline format⁹. This is still a very good method.
"Review just means once you've gone through and read something, don't pat yourself on the back and call it a day. You do need to revisit this information several times before you're going to be tested on it, even if you do understand it well when you read it. Because obviously it's not going to hang around in your head forever if you don't use it."
AA: Maria Spelleri teaches English for academic purposes at Manatee¹⁵ Community College in Venice, Florida. Part one of our interview can be found at voanews.com/wordmaster. And that's WORDMASTER for this week. With Rosanne Skirble, I'm Avi Arditti.

1 terminology   

n.术语；专有名词

参考例句：

• He particularly criticized the terminology in the document.他特别批评了文件中使用的术语。
• The article uses rather specialized musical terminology.这篇文章用了相当专业的音乐术语。

2 freshman   

n.大学一年级学生(可兼指男女)

参考例句：

• Jack decided to live in during his freshman year at college.杰克决定大一时住校。
• He is a freshman in the show business.他在演艺界是一名新手。

3 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

4 annotate   

v.注解

参考例句：

• Some people annotate as they read.有的人一面读书一面做注解。
• People annotate the history,so does the history annotate people.人们在注释历史，历史也在注释人们。

5 pristine   

adj.原来的，古时的，原始的，纯净的，无垢的

参考例句：

• He wiped his fingers on his pristine handkerchief.他用他那块洁净的手帕擦手指。
• He wasn't about to blemish that pristine record.他本不想去玷污那清白的过去。

6 annotating   

v.注解，注释( annotate的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• Historians are checking and annotating the History of the Former Han Dynasty. 史学家们在校点《汉书》。 来自互联网
• This great flowering of annotating and indexing will alter the way we discover books, too. 注解和索引的大繁荣也会改变我们发现书籍的方式。 来自互联网

7 margins   

边( margin的名词复数 )； 利润； 页边空白； 差数

参考例句：

• They have always had to make do with relatively small profit margins. 他们不得不经常设法应付较少的利润额。
• To create more space between the navigation items, add left and right margins to the links. 在每个项目间留更多的空隙，加左或者右的margins来定义链接。

8 wade   

v.跋涉，涉水；n.跋涉

参考例句：

• We had to wade through the river to the opposite bank.我们只好涉水过河到对岸。
• We cannot but wade across the river.我们只好趟水过去。

9 format   

n.设计，版式；[计算机]格式，DOS命令:格式化(磁盘)，用于空盘或使用过的磁盘建立新空盘来存储数据；v.使格式化，设计，安排

参考例句：

• Please format this floppy disc.请将这张软盘格式化。
• The format of the figure is very tasteful.该图表的格式很雅致。

10 embedded   

a.扎牢的

参考例句：

• an operation to remove glass that was embedded in his leg 取出扎入他腿部玻璃的手术
• He has embedded his name in the minds of millions of people. 他的名字铭刻在数百万人民心中。

11 analyzing   

v.分析；分析( analyze的现在分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析n.分析

参考例句：

• Analyzing the date of some socialist countries presents even greater problem s. 分析某些社会主义国家的统计数据，暴露出的问题甚至更大。 来自辞典例句
• He undoubtedly was not far off the mark in analyzing its predictions. 当然，他对其预测所作的分析倒也八九不离十。 来自辞典例句

12 flip   

vt.快速翻动；轻抛；轻拍；n.轻抛；adj.轻浮的

参考例句：

• I had a quick flip through the book and it looked very interesting.我很快翻阅了一下那本书，看来似乎很有趣。
• Let's flip a coin to see who pays the bill.咱们来抛硬币决定谁付钱。

13 analyze   

vt.分析，解析 (=analyse)

参考例句：

• We should analyze the cause and effect of this event.我们应该分析这场事变的因果。
• The teacher tried to analyze the cause of our failure.老师设法分析我们失败的原因。

14 annotations   

n.注释( annotation的名词复数 )；附注

参考例句：

• I wrote annotations in the margin of the book. 我在书的边缘作注。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• My annotations appear in square brackets. 在方括号里有我给的注解。 来自辞典例句

15 manatee   

n.海牛

参考例句：

• We watched dolphin,manatee,sea lion and whale shows.我们看了海豚、海牛、海狮和鲸的表演。
• One of the most extraordinary river creatures is Amazonian manatee.其中河里最特别的生物之一要数亚马孙海牛。