新概念英语85年上外美音版第四册 第17课

 　　Lesson 17 Learning to Live 学会生活
The fact that we are not sure what 'intelligence' is, nor what is passed on, does not prevent us from finding it a very useful working concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which 'measure' it.
In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual's ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations.
This became of particular importance when, as a result of the 1944 Education Act, secondary schooling¹ for all became law, and grammar schools, with the exception of a small number of independent foundation schools, became available to the whole population. Since the number of grammar schools in the countrycould accommodate at most approximately 25 per cent of the total child population of eleven-plus, some kind of selection had to be made. Narrowly academic examinations and tests were felt, quite rightly, to be heavily weighted in favour of children who had had the advantage of highly-academic primary schools and academically biased² homes. Intelligence tests were devised to counteract³ this narrow specialization, by introducing problems which were not based on specifically scholastically⁴-acquired knowledge. The intelligence test is an attempt to assess the general ability of any child to think, reason, judge, analyse and syntiesize by presenting him with situations, both verbal and practical, which arewithin his range of competence⁵ and understanding.
intelligence 智力  intelligent cute  intellectual a.智力的 n.知识分子
pass on 衡量
(1)He passes on(=pass away=die)委婉语
(2)衡量judge:to pass on 如:to pass on one's intelligence
(3)pass for 被认为 不能用被动,只能用主动
(4)pass 过了 pass grade
reliance 信赖,依靠
(1)rely=depend  He relies on his parents.(parasite:寄生虫)(drag:负担)
(2)reliant reliable值得信赖的 self-reliant自力更生(=self-dependent)
working 起作用的
pill:药丸 dose:剂 Dose is working. efficient:指人效率很高,做事麻利effective有效果的
The pill does.
a wide variety 各种各样
a wide variety of goods .   various  variant：变化的variantion变化 very colored/formed  mult-  multifunctional  multinational⁶ multilateral talks bilateral⁷：双边会谈
as a result of 由于…结果
As a result of his good performance, he got pay rise. Pay cut 减薪
consequence  in result后面一定不能出现of
He performed well; in result he got a pay rise.  in consequence
act 法案
pass bill motion pay bills act：第1幕 ，第1场 Today we got an act of got.
He always put on an act.摆谱
foundation 基金 Peking Normal University 北京师范大学 missionary⁸
available 可用的
Is water available? 有水喝吗？ Are you available?
Are you available for a chat?  Is your bicycle available?
avail  I avail myself of this opportunity to apply for this vacancy⁹.
avail myself of 利用…的机会
make use of ；take advantage of
accommodate 容纳
The hall can accommodate 600 people.  accommodate oneself to 适应
accommodating accommodation：住所 boarding and lodging¹⁰
at most 最多 at least
counteract 抵消
counteractclockwise逆时针转counterintelligence反情报 counterrevolution neutralize¹¹
act against
specialization 专门化
specialize  speciality major   I specialize in chemistry.  specialization 专业化
synthesize 综合  sympathy  syndrome¹² 并发症 synchronize¹³同步分
verbal 文字的  oral 口头 verbal expression ;oral expression
competence 能力
competent  incompetent¹⁴没有能力的 performance 实际的行为

　　British education system 第1段只有一句话 主语-the fact 谓语-does not prevent us 同位语从句 nor：否定连接 passed on：衡量
useful ,working两个词相近  placing 和finding 并列
place….on….放置…..在上面=put  reliance依赖
引号里表示抽象的东西
superior inferior
even though we are not sure ….is，nor what is passed on….,and placing…文中更为高级
even though he stole,I find him a kind hearted man.
The fact that he stole,does not prevent me from finding him a kind hearted man.
tests第1段形成文章的主题。
sample：样品，受试者 subjects puzzle 拼字游戏
of various kinds- various kinds of puzzles and problems
ability toability in 后面跟名词    ability to：不定式
photograph  He has ability to take a photos.   ability in photography
have taken 主句是将来时  一般都用if we take  第一个动词：take  第二个动词：allow
如果一个写作者要强调两个动词的先后顺序，就可以用完成时替代
if I master English,I will go abroad.  I have master……
predict：预测  he will reach-后置定语 occupation：职业   representative
make full use of his ability 人尽其才   potential
it will allow us ：我们就会，我们能够   it-test 客观性
we can-主体在“我”，主观性强
科普性文章一般用passive  We can obtain the results.  The results are obtained.
became of    became：系动词  be of importance
secondary schooling 中学教育
谓语：became available   except
主题一定是围绕“intelligence”开始
secondary schooling ：12-18岁    higher education：19-23 岁
elementary     high school：junior high school, senior high school
nine year compulsory¹⁵ education    high tax   all free
compulsory courses ：必修课     optional/selective courses
grammar schools：文法学校   technical schools：技校
since:由于  accommodate:容纳  approximately:about
test  eleven-plus:11岁以上   selection:选拔制度
Narrowly:狭隘的   academic-只侧重书面考试
quite rightly:有理由认为 heavily weighted
highly-academic 高度学术性的学校    test oriented 应试教育
academically biased homes    biased:偏 侧重于
scholal:学者 ，学术   scholastically biased homes :书香门第
My mom is biased toward my sister.
were  felt to be :被人们感觉到
The weather is felt to be uncomfortable.强调感受
intelligence testsdevised :被设计  specialization:专业化
intelligence tests 侧重 universal ability  应试的方向问题
assess:评估的意思general ability:综合能力  random¹⁶:随意
progressive:递进  gravity 重力
think:思想-----reason:推理-----judge:判断-----analyse:分析-----synthesize:综合
更侧重于practical
连缀，两个以上如果做名词修饰，可以置后   连缀词可以做后置定语
complementary:互补     question:质问
西方教育强调free talk   第1段做为重点
ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds
have taken  it will allow us
This became of particular importance  系表结构+of结构
grammar school became available to  eleven-plus
were felt…...to be heavily weighted in favour of ……
highly-academic academically biased
scholastically-acquired think,reason,judge,analyse,synthesize

1 schooling   

n.教育；正规学校教育

参考例句：

• A child's access to schooling varies greatly from area to area.孩子获得学校教育的机会因地区不同而大相径庭。
• Backward children need a special kind of schooling.天赋差的孩子需要特殊的教育。

2 biased   

a.有偏见的

参考例句：

• a school biased towards music and art 一所偏重音乐和艺术的学校
• The Methods: They employed were heavily biased in the gentry's favour. 他们采用的方法严重偏袒中上阶级。

3 counteract   

vt.对…起反作用，对抗，抵消

参考例句：

• The doctor gave him some medicine to counteract the effect of the poison.医生给他些药解毒。
• Our work calls for mutual support.We shouldn't counteract each other's efforts.工作要互相支持，不要互相拆台。

4 scholastically   

参考例句：

5 competence   

n.能力，胜任，称职

参考例句：

• This mess is a poor reflection on his competence.这种混乱情况说明他难当此任。
• These are matters within the competence of the court.这些是法院权限以内的事。

6 multinational   

adj.多国的，多种国籍的；n.多国籍公司，跨国公司

参考例句：

• The firm was taken over by a multinational consulting firm.这家公司被一个跨国咨询公司收购。
• He analyzed the relationship between multinational corporations and under-developed countries.他分析了跨国公司和不发达国家之间的关系。

7 bilateral   

adj.双方的，两边的，两侧的

参考例句：

• They have been negotiating a bilateral trade deal.他们一直在商谈一项双边贸易协定。
• There was a wide gap between the views of the two statesmen on the bilateral cooperation.对双方合作的问题，两位政治家各自所持的看法差距甚大。

8 missionary   

adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士

参考例句：

• She taught in a missionary school for a couple of years.她在一所教会学校教了两年书。
• I hope every member understands the value of missionary work. 我希望教友都了解传教工作的价值。

9 vacancy   

n.（旅馆的）空位，空房，（职务的）空缺

参考例句：

• Her going on maternity leave will create a temporary vacancy.她休产假时将会有一个临时空缺。
• The vacancy of her expression made me doubt if she was listening.她茫然的神情让我怀疑她是否在听。

10 lodging   

n.寄宿，住所；(大学生的)校外宿舍

参考例句：

• The bill is inclusive of the food and lodging. 账单包括吃、住费用。
• Where can you find lodging for the night? 你今晚在哪里借宿?

11 neutralize   

v.使失效、抵消，使中和

参考例句：

• Nothing could neutralize its good effects.没有什么能抵消它所产生的好影响。
• Acids neutralize alkalis and vice versa.酸能使碱中和碱，亦能使酸中和。

12 syndrome   

n.综合病症；并存特性

参考例句：

• The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome. 该研究所表示,引起这种综合症的是一种尚未确认的病毒。
• Results indicated that 11 fetuses had Down syndrome. 结果表明有11个胎儿患有唐氏综合征。

13 synchronize   

v.使同步 [=synchronise]

参考例句：

• The sound on a film must synchronize with the action. 影片中的声音必须与动作配合一致。
• You must synchronize your Inbox before selecting additional folders. 在选择其他文件夹前，您必须同步您的收件箱。

14 incompetent   

adj.无能力的，不能胜任的

参考例句：

• He is utterly incompetent at his job.他完全不能胜任他的工作。
• He is incompetent at working with his hands.他动手能力不行。

15 compulsory   

n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的

参考例句：

• Is English a compulsory subject?英语是必修课吗？
• Compulsory schooling ends at sixteen.义务教育至16岁为止。

16 random   

adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动

参考例句：

• The list is arranged in a random order.名单排列不分先后。
• On random inspection the meat was found to be bad.经抽查，发现肉变质了。