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Part Two单音节词弱读形式的综合练习
A．Listen and repeat .
a boy an apple and her
are you as usual at home
can do it he does for the sake of
book and box pen and paper more and more
he and I his sister and her friend you and that girl
sooner or later go or stay March or May
work or play one or some hit and run
yes or no sugar or salt believe it or not
no more than his will knife and fork
coming and going sooner or later sink or swim
B. Make sentences with the words below .
Example: What do shoe stores sell?
　　They sell shoes and sandals.
1. shoe store shoes sandals 4. drugstore medicine plaster
2. sports store balls rackets 5. post office stamps envelopes
3. clothing store dresses suits 6. grocery store fruits vegetables

C. Ask one or two questions, using either two or three foods. Then reply as indicated .
Example: Would you like (Do you want) coffee or tea?
Would you like coffee, tea, or milk?
　　I’d like milk, please.
1. coffee tea milk ; 5. brandy gin cocktail¹;
2. fruit cake ice cream; 6. biscuit bread pastry²;
3. rice potatoes noodles; 7. peas carrots tomatoes;
4. chicken fish steak; 8. beef mutton duck
D. Form phrases with “and”, use the reduced form of “and [n]” and the reduced form of the words in parentheses³ .
1. (a) book/ pencil (a book ‘n’ a pencil)
2. (the) man/woman
3. (an, some) egg/coffee
4. (an) apple/orange
5. (the) book/magazine
6. (an, a ) arm/leg
E. Form noun phrases like the examples, using the reduced form “of” .
Example: a box of cookies, a big box of cookies, a big box of chocolate cookie
box cup loaf bread flowers milk
bowl dish piece coffee ice cream soup
can glass vase cookies cereal tomatoes
　Now tell the location of the people and things around you.
F. A noun with a phrase modifier is spoken as a unit. First repeat the noun phrases. Then form complete sentences by using appropriate phrases from the list .
　Example: The book on the table is for you.
Noun Phrases：
1. The book on the table a. is waving at us.
2. The woman at the door b. was very competent .
3. The man in the car c. is dirty.
4. The music on the radio d. is a police officer.
5. The man with the gun e. is for you.
6.The teller⁴ in the bank f. is too loud.
7. The nurses in the hospital g. is selling something.
8. The dishes in the sink h. gave me the wrong change.
This is not automatic or rigid⁵, of course. English does not generally allow, for example, more than two or three weakly stressed syllables⁷ in a row without automatically giving medium stress to one of the words.
G. Repeat the following sentences, paying attention to the pronunciation .
There is a cup of milk on the table.
I am a student of this school.
Would you like to give me an egg?
I have bought the books and related tapes.
They are going to attend a meeting next Friday.
He is as tall as his brother.
We have to stay at home because of the rain.
To be or not to be, that’s the question.
My mother has been to Australia for three times.
I like this pair of shoes very much, but I don’t have enough money with me.
Can you send him a message?
Do you always get up at half past six?
Does Tom believe this story?
The station is not far from factory.
He had sold the house last week.
My brother has a blue pencil-box.
He has written a letter to her.
It is a well-decorated room.
You must study hard or you will fail the exam.
He is a friend of my father’s.
Shall we start now?
I should tell you the news two days ago.
Can I help you, Sir?
Some people say that the accident happened at night.
We have no more than five people to finish the task.
Can you give them the right answer in the class?
There lies a river behind the house.
We didn’t come back till it was completely dark.
He had to leave his native country for political reasons.
Let’s go to the cinema this Saturday.
He was the son of a famous artist.
They were from the same city.
Will you lend me your bike this afternoon?
Would you mind if I open the window?

Part Two双音节词弱读形式
E.g.: April never railway open winner enter
restful escape release deny student loyal
livable denser⁸ local witness under angel
lecture journal distant today bedtime
He was born in April.
Where should we enter?
Press this button to open the door.
He is the winner of this contest.
No one can escape from the sinking ship.
The student has just come to the school.
Professor Zhang will give us a lecture on Monday.
He denied that he made this mistake in his work.
The dog is very loyal to his master.
The cat is under the chair.

Part Three多音节词弱读形式
　　E.g.: religion education eradicate⁹ entertain competition
eliminate instigate¹⁰ photograph crocodile congregate¹¹
announcement alleviate¹² stimulate¹³ northerner pleasantly
everything television
What’s your religion?
Where did you receive your education?
How can we eradicate all the flies in the house?
Let’s entertain our friends in our house.
There are about 45 televisions in the factory.
Everything will be ok in five days.
You must win in this competition.
Crocodile Dundee is a famous film.
How can you instigate an investigation¹⁴?
People quickly congregate round the lecturer.
　　E.g.: chocolate restaurant temperature family natural several separate
Most children like to eat chocolate.
Which is the nearest restaurant among the three?
The temperature gets pretty high these days.
How are you getting along with the family?
He is a natural teacher.
We have several books to read.
We should study in separate room.
　　E.g.: finally accidentally powerfully elementary
　　carefully arbitrary compulsory¹⁵
　We finally decided¹⁶ to go there at four o’clock in the afternoon.
　I accidentally found my lost book.
　My sister was powerfully affected¹⁷ by the movie last Saturday.
　There are several elementary schools in this town.
　He does everything carefully.

Part Four 缩读及综合练习
缩读
Standard Common contraction¹⁸ Example Note And ’n Do you know Nancy ’n David. Are ’r My classmates ’r on vacation.

Are you

Ya
Ya going to school?

Where ya going? are you is contracted only when followed by one or more words.
Therefore, it would be incorrect to contract. How are you? to How ya unless it was followed by one or more words such as: How ya going? Because ’cause(*) I don’t like her ’cause she is too proud. Can C’n I c’n be there in an hour. Come C’m C’m over to our house around 10:00. This contraction does not apply if come falls at the end of the sentence. Could have

Could not have Could’a
Couldn’a You could’a hurt yourself!

He couldn’a done it. This also applies to the following:
Should have=should’a
Shouldn’t have=shouldn’a
Would have=would’a
Wouldn’t have=wouldn’a Did you didja or ’dja 　How didja do it?

　How’dja do it? When followed by a word beginning with the letter “e”, or “a” ‘dja is commonly contracted to ‘dj’: Did you eat yet=‘dj’eat yet?
Did you ask her=dj’ask ‘er? Does she Dushi Dushi speak English? Don’t know Dunno(*) I dunno where you live. For Fer He works fer his father. This also applies to the following: forgive=fergive forget=ferget Give me Gimme(*) Gimme that. Going to Gonna(*)
(when followed by a consonant¹⁹)
Gonnu
(when followed by a vowel²⁰) I’m gonna give him a present.
I’m gonnu invite her to the party. When followed by a vowel, “going to” is commonly contracted to gonnu, although gonna is also acceptable.
SEE: got to=gotta or gottu Goodbye G’bye I’ll talk to you tomorrow. G’bye! This also applies to the following: good night=g’night
Got to Gotta(*)
(when followed by a consonant,pronounced: gotta)
gottu(*)
(when followed by a vowel,pronounced: gottu) I gotta give him a present.
I gottu invite her to my birthday party. When followed by a vowel, “got to” is commonly contracted to gottu, although gotta is also acceptable. Had better Better You better start off right now. Have to Hafta I hafta go home immediately. ALSO: (S) he hasta/hadda he ’e Who is ’e? This does not apply if he begins a sentence. He/she has he/she’as He’as a house at the beach. her ’er This is’er book. This does not apply if her begins a sentence. him ’im I like ’im very much. his ’is What is ’im name? This does not apply if his begins a sentence. How did you How ’dya/How ’dja How ’dya/How ’dja make that? How do you How’ dy ’a How ’dy ’a do it? When pronounced as two syllables, how dya, the tense changes from present to past.
Although subtle, this difference is easily detected by any native-born American.
How’dya do it?=How did you do it?
How’dy’a do it?=How do you do it? How does How’s How’s she feel today? In front of In fronna He parked in fronna the garden. -ing -in(*) I’m goin’ to the store. Is that Izat Izat your new car? ALSO: Zat your new car? of a or o’(*) He’s sorta strange.
It’s made o’ gold. Although you will occasionally see the conjunction of contracted to o’, it is pronounced like a. Therefore, It’s made o’ gold would be pronounced It’s made a gold. old ol(*) There’s the ol’ house. or ’r Do you like ice cream’r candy? As you may have noticed. ‘r is a contraction not only of are but of or as well. The connotation depends on the context:
I c’n invite Bob’r Tom.=I can invite Bob or Tom.
Bob’n Tom’r invited=Bob and Tom are invited.
Out of Outta(*)
(pronounced:oudda) Get outta the class at once! Pronounced: Ged oudda the class at once!
Probably Prob’ly(*) He’ll prob’ly come for dinner. Should not have Shouldn’a You shouldn’a leave so soon. Some S’m I want s’m apples. Sure Sher Sher, I like chocolate! A common expression indicating agreement is For sure!
Pronounced: Fer sher! Them ’m/’em(*) I like’m/I like’em. To Ta I don’t know what ta do now. NOTE(1): This applies to any word that begins with the combination “ to and whose accent does not fall on the first syllable⁶: today, tomorrow, tobacco, etc.
Pronounced: taday, tamorrow, tabacco.
NOTE(2): when preceded by a word which ends with an “r” “o”sound, to is commonly pronounced da: I dunno where da go now. Want to Wanna(*) (when followed by a consonant or vowel)
Wannu
(when followed by a vowel only) I wanna go outside.
I wanna eat something.
I wannu avoid the subject. Wanna may be used either before a consonant or a vowel, whereas wannu may only be used before a vowel. It would sound strange to the ear to use wannu before a consonant such as I wannu go. what Wud Wud if we went to the movies. “What” is pronounced whad only when followed by a vowel. What are you Wachya
or wacha Wachya/Wacha doin? This contraction can only occur if not it is followed immediately by one or more words. It cannot stand alone: What are you? Crazy? It would be incorrect so say: Wacha? Crazy? What did you Wudidya or wudjya or wudja Wudidya/Wudija/Wudja buy? What do you What cha or what chya or wuddy’a What cha/what chya / Wuddy’a doing? When wuddya is pronounced as two syllables, wud’dya, it becomes past tense. When pronounced as three syllables, wud’dy’a, it changes to present tense. This subtle difference is easiler detected by any native. born American. What does What’s(*) What’s her do for a living? Although a common colloquial²¹ contraction for “what does,” what’s is traditionally a contraction for “what is.” What is the What’s a What’s a matter? ALSO: Wassa matta?(*) Would not have Wudn’a I wudn’a done that if I were you. You Ya(*)
ja (common pronunciation when preceded by the letter “d”)
Y’ (common contraction when followed by a vowel) How are ya?
Would ja like some ice cream?
If y’ever need me, just call.
Did y’ever see the movie? Why did you Whyd’ya or whydja Why’dya/ why’dja tell him to leave? Why do you Why’dy’a Why’dy’a work so hard? When whydya is pronounced as two syllables,why dya, it becomes past tense.When pronounced as three syllables, why’dy’a, it changes to present tense. This subtle difference is easier detected by any native born American. A. Listen and repeat the full forms of the object pronouns .
me It helps me. him It helps him.
us It helps us. her It helps her.
you It helps you. it It helps it.
them It helps them.
B. Listen to these sentences that are spoken at normal conversational²² speed. All the object pronouns are spoken in reduced form with stress. We use the informal spellings’ im, er, ya, and em, to represent the reduced forms of him, her, you, and them .
him Call’im. Tell’im. Help’im.
Her Find’er. Write’er. Teach’er.
them Buy’em. Sell’em Tell’em.
it Send it. Forget it. Eat it.
me Tell me. Help me. Pay me.
us Phone us. Tell us. Show us.
you I’ll help ya. I’ll call ya.
C. Listen to and repeat these sentences .
1. Mr. Ames didn’t go to work today.
2. It didn’t rain yesterday.
3. Mary doesn’t have many friends.
4. Ted’s sisters don’t go to school.
5. Tom always walks to school.
6. Mrs. Ames doesn’t feel well.
7. Billy doesn’t like girls.
8. Mr. Oda doesn’t speak Chinese.
9. I don’t know.
10. He doesn’t know.
11. We don’t work on Saturday.
12. She doesn’t want it. He didn’t tell us.
13. Is Tom here? No, he isn’t He isn’t here now.
14. Is Sally home? No, she isn’t She isn’t here.
15. Was it cold in January? No, it wasn’t It wasn’t cold then.
16. Were you at the bank? No, I wasn’t I wasn’t there.
D. Listen to the questions. Then give a short answer and a statement from the list .
　　(Is Mr. Ames old? No, he isn’t. He’s [only] twenty-seven.)
　　1. Is Mr. Ames old? a. in England
　　2. Is the sun shining now? b. absent
　　3. Were you and Tom in France last year? c. a classroom
　　4. Am I late? d. twenty-seven
　　5. Is this the library? e. early
　　6. Was Helen in class this morning? f. last week
　　7. Was yesterday Heater’s birthday? g. cloudy today
　　8. Is the new promotion²³ system a good one? h. fair
E. Now form sentences with plural²⁴ subjects, using ‘re .
　Example: Maria and Bob’re writing a book.
　1. Maria/Bob/writing a book 5. Sue/Ray/feeling fine
　2. Pat/Ed/eating ice cream 6. Julia/Frances/playing tennis
　3. Tom/Ann/learning English 7. Ruth/Matt/wearing jeans
　4. Joyce/Liz/baking cookies 8. Richard/Susan/speaking Italian
F. Answer the questions with a short affirmative statement, using the information given .
　(Am I right? Yes, you are. You’re always right.)
　1. Am I right? a. only fifteen dollars
　2. Is Joe old? b. seventy-five
　3.Is the lamp cheap? c. good friends
　4. Are you dressed? d. ready now
　5. Is Sally a baby? e. always right
　6. Are you and Joe friends? f. on the table
　7. Are the hamburgers ready? g. six months old
G. Repeat the other contractions²⁵ of be, aren’t and weren’t. Then listen to the questions and repeat the answers
　　Repeat Listen Repeat
　　you aren’t Am I late? No, you aren’t.
　　we aren’t Are we invited? No, we aren’t
　　they aren’t Are they French? No, they aren’t
　　you weren’t Was I correct? No, you weren’t.
　　we weren’t Were we on time? No, we weren’t
　　they weren’t Were they talking? No, they weren’t
H. Read the following sentences, paying attention to the reductions and liaisons²⁶ .
1. We have got to go. Do you want a pear?
　　We’ve gotta go. Wanna pear?
　　　2. They have got a computer. Let me in.
　　They’ve gotta computer. Lemme in.
　3. Do you want to sing? Let me go.
　　Wanna sing? Lemme go.
　4. I’ll let you know. What do you think of it?
　　I’ll letcha know. Whaddyu thinkv it?
　5. Did you do it? What did you do with?
　　Dija do it? Whajoo do with it?
　6. He’ll meet you later. How did you like it?
　　He’ll meetchu layder. Howja like it?
　　　7. When did you get it? What are you waiting for?
　　Whenju geddit? Whaddya waitin for?
　　　8. Why did you take it? What are you doing?
　　Whyju tay kit²⁷? Whatcha doin?
　9. Why don’t you try it? How is it going?
　　Why don chu try it? Howzit going?
10. Where’s the what you may call it. Where’s what is his name?
　　Where’s the watchamacallit? Where’s watsizname?
11. He has got to hurry because he is late. I could’ve been a manager.
　　He’s gotta hurry ‘cause he’s late. I coulda bina manager.
12. Could you speed it up, please? Would you mind if I tried it?
　　Couldja spee di dup, pleez? Wouldja mindfai try dit?
　　13. Can’t you see it my way for a change? Tell her I miss her.
　　Kancha see it my way for a change? Teller I miser²⁸.
　　14. I should have told you. Tell him I miss him.
　　I shoulda tolya. Tellim I missim.
I. Listen to the dialogue and then read it .
Bob: Could I speak to Mary, please?
Mary: This is Mary speaking. Who is that?
Bob: This is Bob. Where have you been, Mary? I have been trying to get on to you
　　for the last half hour. Don’t you leave your home at 19:00?
Mary: Yes, I do, but today I went shopping and have only just come back. It is very
　　nice to hear your voice, Bob. I didn’t know you were in New York.
Bob: I arrived this morning. I would have rung you before but I have been terribly
busy all day attending a conference. It has only just ended. Are you doing anything tonight, Mary?
Mary: Yes, I am going to meet a client.
Bob: But that is terrible! I am only here for one night!
Mary: I am sorry, Bob. If you had told me you were coming up, I would have kept
　　tonight free. But you didn’t tell me.
Bob: I didn’t know myself till this morning when my boss suddenly dashed into the
　　office and told me to rush up here to attend the conference.
Mary: I thought Henry usually did the conferences.
Bob: Yes, he does but when he was driving up here last night he had an accident
　　and was taken to hospital. So I am doing it instead. Mary, Must you go out
　　tonight? Couldn’t you get out of it?
Mary: I’m free tomorrow but I suppose that will be too late.
Bob: (suddenly changing his plan) No, I will stay another day. I dare say my boss
　　will get over it. Would you like to meet me for lunch tomorrow?
Mary: I’d like to. But Bob, are you sure it will be all right? I would hate you to
　　make your boss angry or even lose your job.
Bob: It is all right. I will call the boss and tell him I am staying another day. I stayed
　　an extra night in Boston last month and he didn’t seem to put about it.
Mary: Why did you stay an extra night in Boston? What happened?
Bob: I will tell you tomorrow. See you tomorrow, Mary.
Mary: See you tomorrow.