【英语语言学习】万维网

ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:

 

These days, there's very little you can't find on the World Wide Web, but we have a story now about one important piece of the Web's own history that has gone missing, and no search engine will find it. NPR's Geoff Brumfiel reports on the hunt for the very first webpage.

 

GEOFFREY BRUMFIEL, BYLINE¹: In 1989, hundreds of the world's smartest scientists were working at a giant physics laboratory called CERN. They were putting together huge experiments to hunt for new particles, and they worked in teams. Each scientist would build one little part - a circuit board, or a piece of software - then they'd put it all together. Tim Berners-Lee was working at the lab as a computer scientist, and he noticed a growing problem.

 

TIM BERNERS-LEE: They had their documentation of the systems they built on all kinds of different systems.

 

BRUMFIEL: Back in '89, these scientists were using computers. But there was no Web, no Google, and nothing to Google. So if you wanted a file from somebody, the best way to get it was for them to copy it onto a floppy² disk. Then you'd carry that disk down the hall, stick it in your computer, and half the time...

 

(SOUNDBITE OF DISK READER STAMMER)

 

BRUMFIEL: ...your computer couldn't read the file.

 

BERNERS-LEE: So - in fact - often, you just had to go and find them in the corridor and buy them a coffee, to find out how things worked.

 

BRUMFIEL: And from this frustration³, the Web was born. Berners-Lee envisioned a virtual book where CERN scientists could share their piece of the experiment with each other. Pages from the book could be written and posted from any kind of computer, and read by any other computer.

 

BERNERS-LEE: That sort of abstract space that makes the whole world look like one, great-big book - that is the World Wide Web.

 

BRUMFIEL: This was the beginning of the Web we all use today. Now, CERN's website alone is so large, they have a person whose whole job it is to keep up and running. He's Dan Noyes. He works just a few corridors over from Berners-Lee's old office.

 

DAN NOYES: And I quite often take time to go down and have a look at the office. I don't know why; it's a little homage⁴.

 

BRUMFIEL: Noyes remembers those early days, but his kids don't. And he worries that people in general are forgetting about life before the Web.

 

NOYES: We're losing that perspective because it feels so ordinary now. It's so pervasive⁵.

 

BRUMFIEL: So he started a project called First Website, to preserve the very earliest days of the Web. But he's run into a problem: The beginning of the Web, the first version of the first webpage that Berners-Lee wrote back in 1990? It's lost.

 

(SOUNDBITE OF DIALING)

 

BRUMFIEL: Back when Berners-Lee started, the few people who got online did it by dialing up. Communication was slow. Berners-Lee says in those days, the idea of a World Wide Web was a tough sell.

 

BERNERS-LEE: When you showed people, they'd say oh, yeah, big deal. They didn't realize if everything was on the Web, how cool it would be.

 

BRUMFIEL: He and his colleagues were so busy trying to convince people to buy into the Web, they didn't keep track of their early webpages.

 

NOYES: I mean, the team at the time didn't know how special this was, so they didn't think to keep copies, right?

 

LESLIE BERLIN: When it comes to technology, the focus is always forward. And the notion of pausing and taking a breath, and seeing where you came from - there's just not time for it.

 

BRUMFIEL: Leslie Berlin is a historian with the Silicon⁶ Valley Archive at Stanford University. It's a weird⁷ paradox⁸ of the Web age, when everything is floating around in the cloud, that vital Web history is sitting in boxes of old floppy disks or abandoned hard drives tucked away in a person's house.

 

BERLIN: It is amazing to me still, how many basements you have to descend⁹ into, and attics¹⁰ you have to climb up, and cobwebs you have to get out of the way.

 

BRUMFIEL: An old-fashioned sleuthing may be the only way to find those first webpages. Tim Berners-Lee saved one version from 1992.

 

BERNERS-LEE: I took a copy of the entire website in a floppy disk on my machine so that I could demonstrate it locally, just to show people what it was like. And I ended up keeping a copy of that floppy disk.

 

BRUMFIEL: And CERN restored it to their servers late last month. But Dan Noyes believes the very earliest version is still out there. An old optical disk drive was lost at a conference in California. On it is one of the very first iterations of Berners-Lee's webpage from 1990.

 

NOYES: It was such a beautiful object, that optical disk, that someone, you know, maybe has it on their coffee table or their bookshelf, and if we could find that, that'd be great.

 

BRUMFIEL: So the original World Wide Web in its entirety may be sitting as a paperweight somewhere.

 

(LAUGHTER)

 

NOYES: Right. Yeah. Or someone's bookend.

 

BRUMFIEL: So, NPR listeners, check those bookshelves. And if you think you've found the World Wide Web, get in touch. Geoff Brumfiel, NPR News.

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:

 

You're listening to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News.

1 byline   

n.署名；v.署名

参考例句：

• His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
• We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。

2 floppy   

adj.松软的，衰弱的

参考例句：

• She was wearing a big floppy hat.她戴了顶松软的大帽子。
• Can you copy those files onto this floppy disk?你能把那些文件复制到这张软盘上吗？

3 frustration   

n.挫折，失败，失效，落空

参考例句：

• He had to fight back tears of frustration.他不得不强忍住失意的泪水。
• He beat his hands on the steering wheel in frustration.他沮丧地用手打了几下方向盘。

4 homage   

n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬

参考例句：

• We pay homage to the genius of Shakespeare.我们对莎士比亚的天才表示敬仰。
• The soldiers swore to pay their homage to the Queen.士兵们宣誓效忠于女王陛下。

5 pervasive   

adj.普遍的；遍布的，(到处)弥漫的；渗透性的

参考例句：

• It is the most pervasive compound on earth.它是地球上最普遍的化合物。
• The adverse health effects of car exhaust are pervasive and difficult to measure.汽车尾气对人类健康所构成的有害影响是普遍的，并且难以估算。

6 silicon   

n.硅(旧名矽)

参考例句：

• This company pioneered the use of silicon chip.这家公司开创了使用硅片的方法。
• A chip is a piece of silicon about the size of a postage stamp.芯片就是一枚邮票大小的硅片。

7 weird   

adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的

参考例句：

• From his weird behaviour,he seems a bit of an oddity.从他不寻常的行为看来，他好像有点怪。
• His weird clothes really gas me.他的怪衣裳简直笑死人。

8 paradox   

n.似乎矛盾却正确的说法；自相矛盾的人(物)

参考例句：

• The story contains many levels of paradox.这个故事存在多重悖论。
• The paradox is that Japan does need serious education reform.矛盾的地方是日本确实需要教育改革。

9 descend   

vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降

参考例句：

• I hope the grace of God would descend on me.我期望上帝的恩惠。
• We're not going to descend to such methods.我们不会沦落到使用这种手段。

10 attics   

n. 阁楼

参考例句：

• They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics. 他们把暂时不需要的东西放在抽屉里、壁橱中和搁楼上。
• He rummaged busily in the attics of European literature, bringing to light much of interest. 他在欧洲文学的阁楼里忙着翻箱倒笼，找到了不少有趣的东西。