【英语语言学习】民族主义运动

SCOTT SIMON, HOST:

When Donald Trump¹ landed in Scotland just hours after the United Kingdom's historic vote, he was quick to draw parallels between that country's decision to leave the European Union and his own presidential campaign.

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DONALD TRUMP: People want to take their country back, and they want to have independence, in a sense. And you see it with Europe - all over Europe.

SIMON: Populist nationalist parties have been gaining support across Europe in recent years. And as NPR's Scott Detrow reports, there are similarities between those movements and Trump's campaign.

SCOTT DETROW, BYLINE²: Take a listen to Nigel Farage celebrating the United Kingdom's decision to leave the EU.

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NIGEL FARAGE: This will be a victory for real people, a victory for ordinary people.

DETROW: Farage heads the far right U.K. Independence Party, and for years, he's been the leading voice, calling for a divorce from the EU. When he declares victory, it sounds a lot like the type of rhetoric³ we've been hearing across the political spectrum⁴.

FARAGE: We have fought against the multinationals⁵. We fought against the big merchant banks. We fought against big politics.

DETROW: While the feeling has gone more mainstream⁶ lately, contempt for the elite⁷ class is a key part of nationalist party movements.

YASCHA MOUNK: People feel, quite rightly, that they have no real control of the political system. The political class does what it wants and sort of ignores ordinary people. And to a large extent, that's because of the necessities of globalization.

DETROW: That's Yascha Mounk. He teaches political theory at Harvard University and has studied the rise of nationalist movements. Mounk says these parties have existed in Europe for a long time, but in recent decades, they've been gaining more and more power due to a mix of economic, ethnic⁸ and religious factors.

MOUNK: You have a socially descending⁹ middle class that hasn't had real gains in the standard of living in 30 years. And the same time, you seem to have real improvements in social status, if not necessarily economic status, for ethnic minorities. And so they feel like our country is being taken away.

DETROW: And in addition to resentment¹⁰ toward elites¹¹, many of the movements pin the blame for their country's problems on immigrants. Cas Mudde also studies nationalist parties. He is a professor at the University of Georgia.

CAS MUDDE: The idea of nativism, of seeing a country under threat by non-natives, specifically immigrants and Muslims, is something that Marine¹² Le Pen and Donald Trump clearly share.

DETROW: Syria's refugee crisis and terror attacks aligned¹³ with ISIS heighten those feelings. Here's Le Pen, the leader of France's National Front Party.

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MARINE le PEN: (Through interpreter) For the last 10 years, I've been warning of the rise of radical¹⁴ Islam in our country. For ten years, I've been saying the connections between Islam and crime are rising and that some entire neighborhoods are falling into the hands of radical Islamists. And I repeat that we are underestimating this danger.

DETROW: Compare that to Trump.

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TRUMP: We need to tell the truth, also, about how radical Islam is coming to our shores. And it's coming. With these people, folks, it's coming.

DETROW: One other parallel among all these movements - the solution is just a new leader with the political courage to carry out an easy fix.

TRUMP: We're going to build the wall, folks. Don't worry about that.

(SOUNDBITE OF CHEERING)

TRUMP: Who's going to pay for the wall? Who?

UNIDENTIFIED PEOPLE: Mexico.

DETROW: In fact, under nationalist Prime Minister Viktor Orban, Hungary has already built a border fence to try to stem Europe's migrant flow.

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VIKTOR ORBAN: Many people criticized the physical barrier we are just setting up this moment in Hungary. I ask everybody - all the European leaders - what other ideas they have.

DETROW: Yascha Mounk thinks these parties will continue gaining power over the next few years.

MOUNK: Because people aren't going to have a trust in politics. They don't have a trust in institutions.

DETROW: And despite retreats like Brexit, globalization just isn't going away, so nationalism will continue to be a powerful political argument. And nationalism is clearly at the heart of Trump's campaign. Here's one moment in a speech this week.

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TRUMP: Americans - Americans - the people that we love - Americans. America first. Make our country great again. Americans.

DETROW: Scott Detrow, NPR News. And tomorrow you can join us on Weekend Edition Sunday for coverage¹⁵ of the elections in Spain, where anti-establishment parties are also gaining support.

1 trump   

n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭

参考例句：

• He was never able to trump up the courage to have a showdown.他始终鼓不起勇气摊牌。
• The coach saved his star player for a trump card.教练保留他的明星选手，作为他的王牌。

2 byline   

n.署名；v.署名

参考例句：

• His byline was absent as well.他的署名也不见了。
• We wish to thank the author of this article which carries no byline.我们要感谢这篇文章的那位没有署名的作者。

3 rhetoric   

n.修辞学，浮夸之言语

参考例句：

• Do you know something about rhetoric?你懂点修辞学吗？
• Behind all the rhetoric,his relations with the army are dangerously poised.在冠冕堂皇的言辞背后，他和军队的关系岌岌可危。

4 spectrum   

n.谱，光谱，频谱；范围，幅度，系列

参考例句：

• This is a kind of atomic spectrum.这是一种原子光谱。
• We have known much of the constitution of the solar spectrum.关于太阳光谱的构成，我们已了解不少。

5 multinationals   

跨国公司( multinational的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• These local companies are only small fry compared with the huge multinationals. 同那些跨国公司比，这些当地的公司不过是小鱼小虾。
• Some people believe that the multinationals have too much power. 有人认为跨国公司的权力太大了。

6 mainstream   

n.（思想或行为的）主流；adj.主流的

参考例句：

• Their views lie outside the mainstream of current medical opinion.他们的观点不属于当今医学界观点的主流。
• Polls are still largely reflects the mainstream sentiment.民调还在很大程度上反映了社会主流情绪。

7 elite   

n.精英阶层；实力集团；adj.杰出的，卓越的

参考例句：

• The power elite inside the government is controlling foreign policy.政府内部的一群握有实权的精英控制着对外政策。
• We have a political elite in this country.我们国家有一群政治精英。

8 ethnic   

adj.人种的，种族的，异教徒的

参考例句：

• This music would sound more ethnic if you played it in steel drums.如果你用钢鼓演奏，这首乐曲将更具民族特色。
• The plan is likely only to aggravate ethnic frictions.这一方案很有可能只会加剧种族冲突。

9 descending   

n. 下行 adj. 下降的

参考例句：

• The results are expressed in descending numerical order . 结果按数字降序列出。
• The climbers stopped to orient themselves before descending the mountain. 登山者先停下来确定所在的位置，然后再下山。

10 resentment   

n.怨愤，忿恨

参考例句：

• All her feelings of resentment just came pouring out.她一股脑儿倾吐出所有的怨恨。
• She cherished a deep resentment under the rose towards her employer.她暗中对她的雇主怀恨在心。

11 elites   

精华( elite的名词复数 )； 精锐； 上层集团； （统称）掌权人物

参考例句：

• The elites are by their nature a factor contributing to underdevelopment. 这些上层人物天生是助长欠发达的因素。
• Elites always detest gifted and nimble outsiders. 社会名流对天赋聪明、多才多艺的局外人一向嫌恶。

12 marine   

adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵

参考例句：

• Marine creatures are those which live in the sea. 海洋生物是生存在海里的生物。
• When the war broke out,he volunteered for the Marine Corps.战争爆发时，他自愿参加了海军陆战队。

13 aligned   

adj.对齐的，均衡的

参考例句：

• Make sure the shelf is aligned with the top of the cupboard.务必使搁架与橱柜顶端对齐。

14 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

15 coverage   

n.报导，保险范围，保险额，范围，覆盖

参考例句：

• There's little coverage of foreign news in the newspaper.报纸上几乎没有国外新闻报道。
• This is an insurance policy with extensive coverage.这是一项承保范围广泛的保险。