GRE作文高分范文

 　　In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted bythe University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferredliterary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up studyconducted by the same researchers found that the type ofbook most frequently checked out of each of the public librariesin Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concludedthat the respondents in the first study had misrepresented theirreading habits.

　　This argument is based on two separate surveys of the citizens of Leeville, conducted by theUniversity of Leeville. In the first survey, most respondents said that their preferred readingmaterial was literary classics. A follow-up study by the same researchers found that mystery novelswere the most frequently checked out books from each of the public libraries in Leeville. The arguerconcludes that the respondents in the first study therefore misrepresented their own readinghabits. This argument does not follow the facts and is therefore unconvincing due to several flawsin logic¹.First of all, it is possible that none of the citizens who responded to the first survey wereparticipants in the second survey. Statistically² speaking, it is entirely³ possible that the first surveycontained a greater majority of literary classics readers than are present in the general populationof Leeville. The difference in the first study and the study of the books that were actually checkedout from the library may purely⁴ be that the respondents had different interests in literature, therefore disallowing⁵ the arguer’s conclusion that the first group misrepresented its preferredreading material.Secondly⁶, it is possible that the difference in the survey results could be attributed to the lack ofavailability of literary classics in the Leeville public libraries. Simply put, the library may havethousands of mystery novels available for checkout⁷ but very few literary classics in their collections. Leeville citizens may actually prefer to read literary classics - the public libraries simply may not havethem for the citizens to check out and read. Another possibility is that the Leeville public librariesrestrict the checkout of literary classics - perhaps treating the books as a type of "reference" material that must be read inside the library and cannot be checked out. Furthermore, it is possiblethat no matter how many literary classics the Leeville public libraries have, the citizens have readthem all in the past, perhaps many times over, and they are therefore not checked out. Thesepossibilities further weaken the argument that the first respondents misrepresented their readinghabits.Thirdly, literary classics are the type of book that people tend to buy for personal collections ratherthan checking them out of a library. It is a distinct possibility that the citizens of Leeville purchaseliterary classics to read and then keep in home libraries rather than checking them out of thelibrary. Leeville citizens may prefer to read literary classics and therefore buy them for their ownpersonal collections, thus checking other types of reading materials out of the library rather thanbuying them to own forever. The arguer’s conclusion that the first set of respondentsmisrepresented their reading habits is critically weakened by this possibility.Finally, this argument does not account for the possibility that the survey samples themselves wereflawed. There is no indication given about how many people were surveyed, the demographicsinvolved, or the specific locations involved. For example, richer people would tend not to visitpublic libraries but they are possibly more predisposed to reading literary classics. Similarly, peoplewho visit public libraries may be more predisposed to reading mystery novels than literary classics. Without knowing the relationship between those first surveyed and those who visit the publiclibraries, it is not possible to draw a proper conclusion about the accuracy of the first group’sstatements.In summary, the arguer fails to convince by jumping to a conclusion that fails to hold up toanalysis. To strengthen the argument, the arguer needs to find further research that eliminatesthese other possibilities that preclude⁸ the judgment⁹ that the first group of respondentsmisrepresented their reading habits.

　　参考译文

　　"在一项由Leeville大学就Leeville市民阅读习惯所作的研究中，大多数受访对象称,他们偏爱将文学名著作为其阅读材料。但是，由相同的研究人员所作的一项跟踪调查却发现，每个公共图书馆外借得最频繁的图书均为志怪小说类。因此，我们可以得出这样的结论，即第一项研究中的受访对象没能如实地描述出他们的阅读习惯。"上述论断基于由 Leeville大学对Leeville市民所从事的两项互为独立的调查。在前一项调查中，大多数受访对象称他们较为偏爱的阅读材料是文学名著。由相同的研究人员所作的一项跟踪调查则发现，志怪小说是Leeville市每个公共图书馆外借频率最高的一类图书。论述者便据此得出结论认为，这样看来，第一项研究中的受访对象没能如实地描述他们自己的阅读习惯。这段论述没能遵循事实，因而由于逻辑方面某些缺陷而无从令人置信。首先，有可能是，对第一项调查作出问卷回答的公民，没有一个人参加了第二项调查。从统计角度而言，完全有可能的情形是，第一项调查涵盖了一个比 Leeville总人口中所存在的来得更大的文学名著多数读者群。第一项研究与其后对图书馆实际外借的书所作的那项研究，二者间的差异可能纯粹是因为受访对象对文学拥有全然不同的兴趣，因此否定了论述者所谓第一组受访对象没有如实表述其所喜爱的阅读材料的结论。其次，两项调查结果之间的差异或许可以归诸于这样一个原因，即Leeville市的公共图书馆内缺乏文学名著。说得简单一点，图书馆可能有数千册志怪小说供外借但却没能收藏多少册文学名著。Leeville市民实际上可能甚是偏爱阅读文学名著，但公共图书馆就是没有此类图书外借供市民阅读。另一个可能性是，Leeville公共图书馆限制文学名著的外借——可能只将这类图书当作"参考"资料，只允许在馆内阅读，不得外借。进一步而言，也有可能是，无论Leeville公共图书馆藏有多少册文学名著，市民们在过去已将它们悉数读完，甚至读过许多遍，因此，这些书便不再有人借阅。这些可能性也进一步削弱了第一组受访对象没有如实表述其阅读习惯的论点。第三，对于文学名著这类书，人们往往购买来作为个人藏书，而不太倾向于从图书馆借阅。一个显著的可能性是，Leeville市民购买文学名著来阅读并随后将它们收藏于家庭图书馆而不再去公共图书馆借阅。Leeville市民可能喜爱阅读文学名著并因此购置它们作为个人藏书，因此只从图书馆借阅其他类型的阅读材料，而不是去购买这些材料来永久地拥有。论述者关于第一组受访对象没有如实表述其阅读习惯的结论，由于这一可能性而遭到致命的削弱。最后，这段论述没有解释这样一种可能性，即调查样本本身带有缺陷。论述者没有摆出任何资料表明到底有多少市民接受了调查，或所涉及的人口统计学方法是什么，或所涉及的具体地点。例如，较富有的人往往不太会光顾公共图书馆，但他们可能更喜爱阅读文学名著。同样地，光顾公共图书馆的人可能更喜爱阅读志怪小说而不爱读文学名著。如果不知道第一组受访群体与光顾公共图书馆的群体之间的关系，就不可能就第一组群体的人的陈述的精确性得出一个恰当的结论。总而言之，论述者没有能说服我们，因为他(她)过于匆促地得出的结论无法经得住推敲。若要使其论点更具分量，论述者需要寻找出进一步的研究，排除掉其他那些会否定掉第一组受访对象没能如实地表述其阅读习惯这一判断的可能性。

1 logic   

n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性

参考例句：

• What sort of logic is that?这是什么逻辑？
• I don't follow the logic of your argument.我不明白你的论点逻辑性何在。

2 statistically   

ad.根据统计数据来看，从统计学的观点来看

参考例句：

• The sample of building permits is larger and therefore, statistically satisfying. 建筑许可数的样本比较大，所以统计数据更令人满意。
• The results of each test would have to be statistically independent. 每次试验的结果在统计上必须是独立的。

3 entirely   

ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地

参考例句：

• The fire was entirely caused by their neglect of duty. 那场火灾完全是由于他们失职而引起的。
• His life was entirely given up to the educational work. 他的一生统统献给了教育工作。

4 purely   

adv.纯粹地，完全地

参考例句：

• I helped him purely and simply out of friendship.我帮他纯粹是出于友情。
• This disproves the theory that children are purely imitative.这证明认为儿童只会单纯地模仿的理论是站不住脚的。

5 disallowing   

v.不承认（某事物）有效( disallow的现在分词 )；不接受；不准；驳回

参考例句：

6 secondly   

adv.第二，其次

参考例句：

• Secondly,use your own head and present your point of view.第二，动脑筋提出自己的见解。
• Secondly it is necessary to define the applied load.其次，需要确定所作用的载荷。

7 checkout   

n.（超市等）收银台，付款处

参考例句：

• Could you pay at the checkout.你能在结帐处付款吗。
• A man was wheeling his shopping trolley to the checkout.一个男人正推着购物车向付款台走去。

8 preclude   

vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍

参考例句：

• We try to preclude any possibility of misunderstanding.我们努力排除任何误解的可能性。
• My present finances preclude the possibility of buying a car.按我目前的财务状况我是不可能买车的。

9 judgment   

n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见

参考例句：

• The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
• He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。