新GRE写作修辞手法的运用

 　　在GRE写作中，我们常用的26种修辞手法应用得并不多，一般常用的也不过十几种，在写作中恰当的运用修辞，会使文章看起来更加生动。

　　1) Simile¹(明喻)：It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common。 To make the comparison， words like as， as……as， as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other。For example， As cold waters to a thirsty soul， so is good news from a far country。

　　2) Metaphor²(暗喻)：It is like a simile， also makes a comparison between two unlike elements， but unlike a simile， this comparison is implied rather than stated。For example， the world is a stage。

　　以上两种的喻类修辞比较简单，在运用的时候想到什么适合的本体和喻体就可以进行“喻”。

　　3) Analogy (类比)：It is also a form of comparison， but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance， analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance。

　　类比学习最好的老师就是Argument，“阿狗”里面的false analogy类比很多都是我们钻牛角尖找出来的，但是，实际上我们很多的情况下再无话可说的时候都可以运用类比。比如说，我们在讨论政府职能的时候，假如我们不了解政府职能，我们可以从我们了解的组织谈起，比如我们可以讨论班级、学校、公司，或者一些大型小型组织，从一个具体的问题到另一个问题而避免谈一些不熟悉的问题。具体的陈述可以如下开展类似：

　　When comes to the issue of empowerment

　　1. This point can be better illustrated³ by comparing a class(你熟悉的) with a business(你不熟悉的)。 然后business bla bla…

　　2.Teachers who possess power and exert it to conduct class play a similar role as business managers do。 然后，只讨论课堂不讨论商业了。

　　例如：

　　Student who is granted/ given/ empowered/ endowed……… are more motivated… power are not rightly supervised and restricted and the class get out of control will lead to/ result in/ turn into/ prove to be flop/ fiasco/ blunder/failure/ catastrophe…。

　　3.Elaborate a class进行详细的class描写。

　　4.点睛之笔 So is a business。类比其实就是某种层面上的跑题，大部分的跑题是无意识的，但是我们要让这种有目的的跑题为我们的文章服务，这就是学习类比修辞的意义所在。

　　4) Personification：(拟人)I：t gives human form of feelings to animals， or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects， or to ideas and abstractions(抽象)。For example， the wind whistled through the trees。

　　5) Hyperbole：(夸张)： It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis。

　　For instance， he almost died laughing。

　　6) Understatement：(含蓄陈述)： It is the opposite of hyperbole， or overstatement。 It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it， impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement。For instance， It is no laughing matter。

　　7) Euphemism：(委婉)： It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant。For instance， we refer to "die" as " pass away"。

　　8) Metonymy (转喻)： It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another。For instance， the pen (words) is mightier⁴ than the sword (forces)。

　　9) Synecdoche (提喻)： It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole， or the whole for the part。For instance， they say there‘s bread and work for all。 She was dressed in silks。

　　10) Antonomasia (换喻)：It has also to do with substitution。 It is not often mentioned now， though it is still in frequent use。

　　For example， Solomon for a wise man。 Daniel for a wise and fair judge。 Judas for a traitor⁵。

　　11) Pun (双关语)： It is a play on words， or rather a play on the form and meaning of words。

　　For instance， a cannon-ball took off his legs， so he laid down his arms。 (Here "arms" has two meanings： a person‘s body; weapons carried by a soldier.

　　以上的内容在写作中加以灵活的运用，必将为GRE写作部分增色不少。

1 simile   

n.直喻，明喻

参考例句：

• I believe this simile largely speaks the truth.我相信这种比拟在很大程度上道出了真实。
• It is a trite simile to compare her teeth to pearls.把她的牙齿比做珍珠是陈腐的比喻。

2 metaphor   

n.隐喻，暗喻

参考例句：

• Using metaphor,we say that computers have senses and a memory.打个比方，我们可以说计算机有感觉和记忆力。
• In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征。

3 illustrated   

adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• His lecture was illustrated with slides taken during the expedition. 他在讲演中使用了探险时拍摄到的幻灯片。
• The manufacturing Methods: Will be illustrated in the next chapter. 制作方法将在下一章说明。

4 mightier   

adj. 强有力的，强大的，巨大的 adv. 很，极其

参考例句：

• But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. 但是，这种组织总是重新产生，并且一次比一次更强大，更坚固，更有力。 来自英汉非文学 - 共产党宣言
• Do you believe that the pen is mightier than the sword? 你相信笔杆的威力大于武力吗？

5 traitor   

n.叛徒，卖国贼

参考例句：

• The traitor was finally found out and put in prison.那个卖国贼终于被人发现并被监禁了起来。
• He was sold out by a traitor and arrested.他被叛徒出卖而被捕了。