美大学规定上课说错话或挂科

 　　Professors at a US university have told students that they risk failing their assignments and even their semester if they use offensive or hateful language in class or submissions².

　　美国一所大学的教授告知学生，如果有人在课堂上或提交的作业中使用了冒犯性或仇视性的话语，他将承担课后作业甚至整个学期挂科的风险。

　　Two programmes taught at Washington State University have set out clear restrictions³ upon the language students can use, banning terms such as "The Man", "Coloured People" and "Illegals/Illegal Aliens".

　　华盛顿州立大学（Washington State University）教授的两门课程对于学生们的语言使用进行了明晰限定，禁止学生使用“白人（The Man）”“有色人种（Coloured People）”以及“非法移民（Illegals/ Illegal Alien）”等字眼。

　　The terms have been forbidden by certain professors on the basis that they are "oppressive and hateful", according to one of the syllabuses⁴ reported by Campus Reform.

　　Campus Reform报道中提到的一项教学大纲指出，上述表达之所以被某些教授禁用，是基于其具有“压迫性和仇视性”。

　　美大学规定上课说错话或挂科

　　The "Course Notes and Policies" of the university's "Women & Popular Culture" course taught by Professor Selena Lester Breikss specifies⁵ that “Gross generalisations, stereotypes⁶, and derogatory/oppressive language are not acceptable".

　　华盛顿州立大学的“女性与流行文化（Women & Popular Culture）”课程由萨琳娜·莱斯特·布雷克斯（Selena Lester Breikss）教授，该课程的《课程备忘与要求》明确规定：“禁止一概而论的、刻板印象式的、贬损的以及压迫性的语言。”

　　"Use of racist⁷, sexist, homophobic, transphobic, xenophobic, classist, or generally offensive language in class or submission¹ of such material will not be tolerated," it adds.

　　要求还包括：“禁止在课堂上使用种族歧视、性别歧视、恐同、恐跨性别、恐外、阶级歧视的或通常被认为是冒犯性的语言，提交的作业中出现类似内容同样零容忍。”

　　Breikss also bans the use of the words "male and female" in the course.

　　布雷克斯还禁止在课程上使用“男性和女性”字眼。

　　A further course entitled "Introduction to Comparative Ethics⁸ Studies" taught by Professor Rebecca Fowler also states that the use of "inappropriate terminology⁹" will impact on students' grades, "with the deduction¹⁰ of one point per incident".

　　另一门名为“比较伦理学研究导论（Introduction to Comparative Ethics Studies）”的课程，由丽贝卡·富勒（Rebecca Fowler）教授，她提出使用“不恰当的词汇”将影响学生的成绩，“该状况每出现一次扣一分”。

　　Terms included in the language sanctions include "coloured", "the white man" and "illegals".

　　被禁的字眼包括：“有色的”“白人”和“非法移民”。

　　Fowler cites the Associated Press style guide saying: "The Stylebook no longer sanctions the term 'illegal immigrant' or the use of 'illegal' to describe a person … 'illegal' should describe only an action."

　　富勒援引美联社（the Associated Press）风格指南的内容称：“（美联社）《写作规范》（ Stylebook）不再认可“illegal immigrant（非法移民）”的说法，也不允许使用illegal（非法的）形容一个人…“非法的”只能用来描述一种行为。

　　Professor Fowler told Campus Reform that the term "illegal alien" has saturated¹¹ dominant¹² discourses¹³ to the extent that society “associates ALL unauthorized border crossings with those immigrants originating from countries south of our border."

　　富勒教授告诉Campus Reform，强势话语中充斥着“非法入境者（illegal alien）”这一术语，以致社会“将所有未经许可跨越边境的人与那些来自我国边境以南的移民者混为一谈。”

　　Washington State University's call against inappropriate terms follows a decision by both the University of California and the University of Tennessee to encourage students to use gender-neutral pronouns for transgender and queer-identifying students.

　　华盛顿州立大学呼吁反对“不恰当言语”的号召呼应了加利福利亚大学（the University of California）和田纳西大学（the University of Tennessee）的决定。这两所学校鼓励学生们使用中性代词指代跨性别和同性恋学生。

　　Tutors have been requested to consider asking students which pronouns they wish to be addressed by, warning against assuming gender-binary pronouns "he" and "she".

　　导师们也被要求考虑征询学生，他们希望别人用哪个代词指称自己。而性别二元对立式的代词如“他”和“她”，应慎用。

　　Vocabulary

　　the Man:(尤指有权威的、警方的或受轻视的)白人或白人总称[黑人俚语]

　　illegal alien：非法入境者，非法移民[美国英语]

　　generalisation：概括，泛泛而论

　　stereotype：把…模式化; 对…产生成见

　　derogatory：贬低的

　　homophobic：对同性恋者憎恶的

　　xenophobic：恐外的，排外的

　　saturate：使充满

1 submission   

n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出

参考例句：

• The defeated general showed his submission by giving up his sword.战败将军缴剑表示投降。
• No enemy can frighten us into submission.任何敌人的恐吓都不能使我们屈服。

2 submissions   

n.提交( submission的名词复数 )；屈从；归顺；向法官或陪审团提出的意见或论据

参考例句：

• The deadline for submissions to the competition will be Easter 1994. 递交参赛申请的截止时间为1994年的复活节。 来自辞典例句
• Section 556(d) allows the agency to substitute written submissions for oral direct testimony in rulemaking. 第五百五十六条第（四）款准允行政机关在规则制定中用书面提交材料替代口头的直接证言。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法

3 restrictions   

约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则）

参考例句：

• I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
• a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制

4 syllabuses   

教学大纲，课程提纲( syllabus的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• All instructors are trained to teach ABRSM syllabuses by our project advisors. 所有导师均已接受本机构音乐顾问有关英皇课程教学之专业培训。
• Trade Test syllabuses for CNC EDM Wire Cut Operators is given in Appendix 1. 电脑数控火花线割机操作员技能测验的大纲见附录一。

5 specifies   

v.指定( specify的第三人称单数 )；详述；提出…的条件；使具有特性

参考例句：

• The third clause of the contract specifies steel sashes for the windows. 合同的第三款指定使用钢窗。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• The contract specifies red tiles, not slates, for the roof. 合同规定屋顶用红瓦，并非石板瓦。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

6 stereotypes   

n.老套，模式化的见解，有老一套固定想法的人( stereotype的名词复数 )v.把…模式化，使成陈规( stereotype的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• Such jokes tend to reinforce racial stereotypes. 这样的笑话容易渲染种族偏见。
• It makes me sick to read over such stereotypes devoid of content. 这种空洞无物的八股调，我看了就讨厌。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

7 racist   

n.种族主义者，种族主义分子

参考例句：

• a series of racist attacks 一连串的种族袭击行为
• His speech presented racist ideas under the guise of nationalism. 他的讲话以民族主义为幌子宣扬种族主义思想。

8 ethics   

n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准

参考例句：

• The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.他的职业道德不允许他那样做。
• Personal ethics and professional ethics sometimes conflict.个人道德和职业道德有时会相互抵触。

9 terminology   

n.术语；专有名词

参考例句：

• He particularly criticized the terminology in the document.他特别批评了文件中使用的术语。
• The article uses rather specialized musical terminology.这篇文章用了相当专业的音乐术语。

10 deduction   

n.减除，扣除，减除额；推论，推理，演绎

参考例句：

• No deduction in pay is made for absence due to illness.因病请假不扣工资。
• His deduction led him to the correct conclusion.他的推断使他得出正确的结论。

11 saturated   

a.饱和的，充满的

参考例句：

• The continuous rain had saturated the soil. 连绵不断的雨把土地淋了个透。
• a saturated solution of sodium chloride 氯化钠饱和溶液

12 dominant   

adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因

参考例句：

• The British were formerly dominant in India.英国人从前统治印度。
• She was a dominant figure in the French film industry.她在法国电影界是个举足轻重的人物。

13 discourses   

论文( discourse的名词复数 )； 演说； 讲道； 话语

参考例句：

• It is said that his discourses were very soul-moving. 据说他的讲道词是很能动人心灵的。
• I am not able to repeat the excellent discourses of this extraordinary man. 这位异人的高超言论我是无法重述的。