全球气候会议简史

 　　The international political response to climate change began with the adoption² of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992, which sets out a framework for action aimed at stabilizing³ atmospheric⁴ concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” The Convention, which entered into force on 21 March 1994, now has 195 parties.

　　1992年，国际社会首次对气候变化做出政治回应，通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）。这份公约提出了一套旨在维持大气中温室气体浓度稳定的行动框架，以避免“人类对气候造成危险的破坏”。1994年3月21日，《联合国气候变化框架公约》正式生效，目前共有195个缔约方。

　　In December 1997, delegates to the third Conference of the Parties (COP) in Kyoto, Japan, agreed to a protocol⁵ to the UNFCCC that committed industrialized countries and countries in transition to a market economy to achieve emission⁶ reduction targets. These countries, known as Annex⁷ I parties under the UNFCCC, agreed to reduce their overall emissions⁸ of six GHGs by an average of 5% below 1990 levels in 2008-2012 (first commitment period), with specific targets varying from country to country. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005, and now has 192 parties.

　　1997年12月在日本京都，参加第3次缔约方会议（COP）的代表们达成了UNFCCC的补充协议，承诺工业化国家与向市场经济过渡的国家联手，实现温室气体减排目标。与会国家——即UNFCCC“附件一缔约方”——同意，2008至2012年（第1承诺期），实现6种温室气体的排放量比1990年平均减少5%。《京都议定书》于2005年2月16日正式生效，目前共有192个缔约方。

　　LONG-TERM NEGOTIATIONS⁹ IN 2005-2009

　　2005年-2009年间的漫长谈判

　　Convening¹⁰ in Montreal, Canada, in 2005, the first Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 1) decided¹¹ to establish the Ad Hoc Working Group on Annex I Parties’ Further Commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) in accordance with Protocol Article 3.9, which mandated¹³ consideration of Annex I parties’ further commitments at least seven years before the end of the first commitment period.

　　2005年，《京都议定书》缔约方第一次会议（CMP1）在加拿大蒙特利尔召开。会议根据《京都议定书》第3.9项条款——至少在第1个承诺期结束之前七年开始审议缔约方后续承诺，决定成立《京都议定书》特设工作组（AWG-KP）。

　　全球气候会议简史

　　COP 11 created a process to consider long-term cooperation under the Convention through a series of four workshops known as “the Convention Dialogue.”

　　第11次缔约方会议（COP）还创立新流程，通过4个统称为“会议对话”的研讨会，考虑缔约方之间的长期合作。

　　In December 2007, COP 13 and CMP3 inBali, Indonesia, resulted in agreement on the Bali Roadmap on long-term issues. COP 13 adopted the Bali Action Plan (BAP) and established the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA) with a mandate¹² to focus on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and a shared vision for long-term cooperative action. Negotiations on Annex I parties’ further commitments continued under the AWG-KP. The deadline for concluding the two-track negotiations was Copenhagen in 2009.

　　2007年12月，在印度尼西亚巴厘岛举行的第13次COP会议及第3次CMP会议，最终达成关于长期问题的巴厘路线图协议。第13次COP会议通过了巴厘岛行动计划（BAP），并建立长期合作特设工作组（AWG-LCA），授权关注缓解、适应、资金、技术以及长期合作行动的共同愿景。而在AWG-KP框架下，“附件一缔约方”后续承诺问题继续协商进行。这份双轨谈判的最后达成期限是在2009年的哥本哈根。

　　COPENHAGEN:

　　哥本哈根：

　　The UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, took place in December 2009. During the high-level segment, informal negotiations took place in a group consisting of major economies and representatives of regional and other negotiating groups. Late in the evening of 18 December, these talks resulted in a political agreement, the “Copenhagen Accord,” which was then presented to the COP plenary for adoption. After 13 hours of debate, delegates ultimately agreed to “take note” of the Copenhagen Accord. In 2010, over 140 countries indicated support for the Accord. More than 80 countries also provided information on their national mitigation targets or actions. Parties also extended the mandates¹⁴ of the AWG-LCA and AWG-KP until COP 16 and CMP6 in2010.

　　2009年12月，联合国气候变化会议在丹麦哥本哈根举行。在高级别会议阶段，世界主要经济体、区域性与其他谈判小组的代表们进行了非正式谈判。12月18日深夜，会谈达成一项政治协议，即《哥本哈根协定》，并随即递交COP全体会议等待通过。经过13个小时的讨论，代表们最终同意“关注”该协议。2010年，超过140个国家表示支持《哥本哈根协议》。80多个国家还提供了关于本国缓解目标或采取行动的信息。会议各国还分别将AWG-LCA与AWG-KP的期限延长到2010年的第16次COP和第6次CMP。

　　CANCUN:

　　坎昆：

　　The UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico, took place in December 2010, when parties finalized¹⁵ the Cancun Agreements. Under the Convention track, Decision 1/CP.16, inter¹ alia, recognized the need for deep cuts in global emissions in order to limit the global average temperature rise to2°Cabove pre-industrial levels. Parties agreed to consider strengthening the global long-term goal during a Review by 2015, including in relation to a proposed1.5°C target.

　　2010年12月，联合国气候变化会议在墨西哥坎昆召开。会议最终达成《坎昆协议》。在会议中，第16次COP会议第1决议尤其认识到，有必要深入削减全球温室气体的排放，以便将全球平均温度限定在比工业化前升高2°C以内。各方同意到2015年回顾时，考虑加强全球长期目标，包括被提议的1.5°C目标。

　　The Cancun Agreements also established several new institutions and processes, such as the GCF, which was created and designated as an operating entity¹⁶ of the Convention’s financial mechanism¹⁷.

　　《坎昆协议》还创建了多个新机构与流程，例如全球气候大会金融机制的指定经营实体——绿色气候基金会（GCF）。

　　Under the Protocol track, the CMP urged Annex I parties to raise the level of ambition towards achieving aggregate¹⁸ emission reductions, and adopted Decision 2/CMP.6 on land use, land-use change and forestry¹⁹. The mandates of the two AWGs were extended for another year.

　　按照协议规定，CMP敦促附件一缔约方提高总体减排的目标，并采用第6次CMP中关于土地使用、土地使用变化与森林学的第2次决议。同时，两个AWG的期限均再次延长1年。

　　DURBAN:

　　德班：

　　The UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, South Africa, took place from 28 November to 11 December 2011. The Durban outcomes covered a wide range of topics, notably²⁰ the establishment of a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, a decision on long-term cooperative action under the Convention and agreement on operationalization of the GCF.

　　2011年，联合国气候变化会议11月28日至12月11日在南非德班举行。德班会议的成果涵盖了范围广泛的议题。这其中尤其显著的是——确立《京都议定书》第2承诺期；决定大会缔约国采取长期合作行动；以及对GCF的运营达成一致意见。

　　Parties also agreed to launch the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) with a mandate “to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties.” The ADP is scheduled to complete these negotiations by 2015, with the new instrument entering into effect in 2020. In addition, the ADP was mandated to explore actions to close the pre-2020 ambition gap in relation to the2°C target.

　　各方还同意建立德班增强行动平台特设工作组（ADP），授权“提出一项新协议，即一份适用于会议各方的法律文书，或取得具有法律效力的成果。”ADP预计到2015年完成磋商，2020年新协议正式生效。此外，ADP还受命研究采取适当行动，以填补在2020年前达到2°C目标的差距。

　　DOHA:

　　多哈：

　　The UN Climate Change Conference in Doha, Qatar, took place in November and December 2012. The conference resulted in a package of decisions, referred to as the “Doha Climate Gateway²¹.” These include amendments²² to the Kyoto Protocol to establish its second commitment period and agreement to terminate the AWG-KP’s work in Doha. The parties also agreed to terminate the AWG-LCA and negotiations under the BAP.

　　2012年11月和12月，联合国气候变化会议在卡塔尔的多哈举行。会议达成了统称为“多哈气候通关”的一揽子决议，其中包括修订《京都议定书》，创建第2承诺期，并同意终止AWG-KP在多哈的工作。各方还一致通过结束AWG-LCA与BAP的谈判。

　　WARSAW:

　　华沙：

　　The Warsaw Climate Change Conference took place from 11-23 November 2013, in Warsaw, Poland. Negotiations focused on the implementation²³ of agreements reached at previous meetings, including pursuing the work of the ADP. The meeting, among other things, adopted an ADP decision that invites parties to initiate²⁴ or intensify²⁵ domestic preparations for their intended nationally determined²⁶ contributions (INDCs), and resolves to accelerate the full implementation of the BAP and pre-2020 ambition.

　　2013年11月11日-23日，各方在波兰华沙举行了华沙气候变化会议。会议谈判的重点是此前各次会议达成协议的实施，包括加快ADP的工作。本次会议还通过了ADP决议，请求各国提出或加强国家自主贡献方案（INDCs）的准备工作，决心推进BAP与2020年前目标的全力实施，等等。

　　PREPARATIONS FOR CLIMATE SUMMIT 2014:

　　2014年气候峰会准备工作：

　　On 24 September 2013, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon invited global leaders and participants from business, finance, civil society and local communities to convene²⁷ in September 2014 for the UN Climate Summit. The Summit, while not part of the official negotiating process under the UNFCCC, aims to mobilize political will to reach a global climate agreement at the Paris Climate Change Conference in December 2015 and galvanize action on the ground across all sectors²⁸.

　　2013年9月24日，联合国秘书长潘基文邀请全球领导人以及来自商业、金融、民间组织和当地社区的参与者于2014年9月召开会议，为联合国气候峰会做准备。这次峰会不属于UNFCCC下的正式谈判流程，旨在动员各方的政治决心，以期在2015年12月的巴黎气候变化大会上达成全球气候协议，并敦促与会各界采取行动。

　　Abu Dhabi Ascent²⁹:

　　阿布扎比登峰会：

　　Held from 4-5 May2014 inAbu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE), the Ascent was hosted by Secretary-General Ban and the Minister of State and Special Envoy³⁰ for Energy and Climate Change, Sultan Al Jaber, UAE. The Ascent brought together 1,000 government ministers, and business, finance and civil society members to discuss new initiatives and partnerships³¹ to address climate change that would be further developed in the lead-up to the UN Climate Summit.

　　此次登峰会于2014年5月4日-5日在阿拉伯联合酋长国阿布扎比举行。会议由联合国秘书长潘基文和阿联酋国务部长、能源和气候变化特使苏丹·贾比尔（Sultan Al Jaber）共同主持。与会的1000位政府部长与商业、金融、民间组织成员们，讨论了应对气候变化的新方案与伙伴关系。联合国气候峰会的准备阶段将进一步研究这些问题。

　　The Abu Dhabi Ascent identified action areas around which elements of the Climate Summit have been organized, including: short-lived climate pollutants³²; forests; agriculture; cities; transportation; resilience, adaptation and disaster risk reduction; climate finance; and economic drivers.

　　阿布扎比登峰会确定了气候峰会的几个行动领域，包括短期气候污染物、森林、农业、城市、交通、恢复力、适应力和疾病风险的降低、气候资金问题以及经济驱动力。

　　New York:

　　纽约：

　　Climate Summit 2014 convened³³ at UN Headquarters in New York, US, on 23 September 2014. The Summit brought together 100 Heads of State, together with government ministers and leaders from international organizations, business, finance, civil society and local communities, to mobilize the political support and momentum³⁴ necessary to reach a global agreement on climate change in 2015 and galvanize action on the ground across all sectors.

　　2014年9月23日，2014年全球气候峰会在美国纽约的联合国总部召开。此次峰会聚集了100个国家的元首，以及各国部长、国际组织、商业、金融、民间组织和当地社区的领导人。会议凝聚了2015年达成全球气候变化协议所必需的政治支持与动力，敦促各界采取行动。

　　A number of major initiatives, coalitions³⁵ and commitments were announced or launched during the Summit, such as: the adoption of a New York Declaration on Forests, which contains commitments to halve³⁶ the loss of natural forests by 2020 and strive to end it by 2030; a total pledge of US$2.3 billion made to the Green Climate Fund (GCF); the launch of the Global Alliance of Climate-Smart Agriculture; the announcement by the insurance industry of intention to create a climate risk investment framework by2015 inParis; and the launch of a new Compact of Mayors.

　　峰会期间提出了许多提案，达成了众多联盟，提出了很多承诺。例如，会议上通过的《纽约森林宣言》承诺，到2020年实现天然林损失减半，并争取到2030年终结天然林损失；承诺向绿色气候基金注入23亿美元资金；建立全球气候智能农业联盟；保险业宣布，希望2015年在巴黎提出气候风险投资框架；以及创立新的“全球市长联盟”。

　　Vocabulary

　　mandate：授权；托管

　　Ad Hoc：特别的；临时；专设

　　inter alia：尤其

　　terminate：终止

1 inter   

v.埋葬

参考例句：

• They interred their dear comrade in the arms.他们埋葬了他们亲爱的战友。
• The man who died in that accident has been interred.在那次事故中死的那个人已经被埋葬了。

2 adoption   

n.采用，采纳，通过；收养

参考例句：

• An adoption agency had sent the boys to two different families.一个收养机构把他们送给两个不同的家庭。
• The adoption of this policy would relieve them of a tremendous burden.采取这一政策会给他们解除一个巨大的负担。

3 stabilizing   

n.稳定化处理[退火]v.（使）稳定， （使）稳固( stabilize的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• The disulfide bridges might then be viewed primarily as stabilizing components. 二硫桥可以被看作是初级的稳定因素。 来自辞典例句
• These stabilizing design changes are usually not desirable for steady-state operation. 这些增加稳定性的设计改变通常不太符合稳态工作的要求。 来自辞典例句

4 atmospheric   

adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的

参考例句：

• Sea surface temperatures and atmospheric circulation are strongly coupled.海洋表面温度与大气环流是密切相关的。
• Clouds return radiant energy to the surface primarily via the atmospheric window.云主要通过大气窗区向地表辐射能量。

5 protocol   

n.议定书，草约，会谈记录，外交礼节

参考例句：

• We must observe the correct protocol.我们必须遵守应有的礼仪。
• The statesmen signed a protocol.那些政治家签了议定书。

6 emission   

n.发出物，散发物；发出，散发

参考例句：

• Rigorous measures will be taken to reduce the total pollutant emission.采取严格有力措施，降低污染物排放总量。
• Finally,the way to effectively control particulate emission is pointed out.最后，指出有效降低颗粒排放的方向。

7 annex   

vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物

参考例句：

• It plans to annex an England company in order to enlarge the market.它计划兼并一家英国公司以扩大市场。
• The annex has been built on to the main building.主楼配建有附属的建筑物。

8 emissions   

排放物( emission的名词复数 )； 散发物（尤指气体）

参考例句：

• Most scientists accept that climate change is linked to carbon emissions. 大多数科学家都相信气候变化与排放的含碳气体有关。
• Dangerous emissions radiate from plutonium. 危险的辐射物从钚放散出来。

9 negotiations   

协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过

参考例句：

• negotiations for a durable peace 为持久和平而进行的谈判
• Negotiations have failed to establish any middle ground. 谈判未能达成任何妥协。

10 convening   

召开( convene的现在分词 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合

参考例句：

• When convening the assembly, however, you shall blow without sounding an alarm. 民10:7但招聚会众的时候、们要吹号、不要吹出大声。
• We warmly welcome the convening of Asia-Europe meeting in London. 热烈欢迎亚欧会议在伦敦召开。

11 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

12 mandate   

n.托管地；命令，指示

参考例句：

• The President had a clear mandate to end the war.总统得到明确的授权结束那场战争。
• The General Election gave him no such mandate.大选并未授予他这种权力。

13 mandated   

adj. 委托统治的

参考例句：

• Mandated desegregation of public schools. 命令解除公立学校中的种族隔离
• Britain was mandated to govern the former colony of German East Africa. 英国受权代管德国在东非的前殖民地。

14 mandates   

托管（mandate的第三人称单数形式）

参考例句：

• Individual mandates would require all people to purchase health insurance. 个人托管要求所有人都要购买健康保险。
• While I agree with those benefits, I'm not a supporter of mandates. 我同意上述好处，我不是授权软件的支持者。

15 finalized   

vt.完成（finalize的过去式与过去分词形式）

参考例句：

• The draft of this article has been finalized [done]. 这篇文章已经定稿。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The draft was revised several times before it was finalized. 稿子几经删改才定下来。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

16 entity   

n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物

参考例句：

• The country is no longer one political entity.这个国家不再是一个统一的政治实体了。
• As a separate legal entity,the corporation must pay taxes.作为一个独立的法律实体，公司必须纳税。

17 mechanism   

n.机械装置；机构，结构

参考例句：

• The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
• The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。

18 aggregate   

adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合

参考例句：

• The football team had a low goal aggregate last season.这支足球队上个赛季的进球总数很少。
• The money collected will aggregate a thousand dollars.进帐总额将达一千美元。

19 forestry   

n.森林学；林业

参考例句：

• At present, the Chinese forestry is being at a significant transforming period. 当前, 我国的林业正处于一个重大的转折时期。
• Anhua is one of the key forestry counties in Hunan province. 安化县是湖南省重点林区县之一。

20 notably   

adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地

参考例句：

• Many students were absent,notably the monitor.许多学生缺席，特别是连班长也没来。
• A notably short,silver-haired man,he plays basketball with his staff several times a week.他个子明显较为矮小，一头银发，每周都会和他的员工一起打几次篮球。

21 gateway   

n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法

参考例句：

• Hard work is the gateway to success.努力工作是通往成功之路。
• A man collected tolls at the gateway.一个人在大门口收通行费。

22 amendments   

（法律、文件的）改动( amendment的名词复数 )； 修正案； 修改； （美国宪法的）修正案

参考例句：

• The committee does not adequately consult others when drafting amendments. 委员会在起草修正案时没有充分征求他人的意见。
• Please propose amendments and addenda to the first draft of the document. 请对这个文件的初稿提出修改和补充意见。

23 implementation   

n.实施，贯彻

参考例句：

• Implementation of the program is now well underway.这一项目的实施现在行情看好。

24 initiate   

vt.开始，创始，发动；启蒙，使入门；引入

参考例句：

• A language teacher should initiate pupils into the elements of grammar.语言老师应该把基本语法教给学生。
• They wanted to initiate a discussion on economics.他们想启动一次经济学讨论。

25 intensify   

vt.加强；变强；加剧

参考例句：

• We must intensify our educational work among our own troops.我们必须加强自己部队的教育工作。
• They were ordered to intensify their patrols to protect our air space.他们奉命加强巡逻，保卫我国的领空。

26 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

27 convene   

v.集合，召集，召唤，聚集，集合

参考例句：

• The Diet will convene at 3p.m. tomorrow.国会将于明天下午三点钟开会。
• Senior officials convened in October 1991 in London.1991年10月，高级官员在伦敦会齐。

28 sectors   

n.部门( sector的名词复数 )；领域；防御地区；扇形

参考例句：

• Berlin was divided into four sectors after the war. 战后柏林分成了4 个区。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Industry and agriculture are the two important sectors of the national economy. 工业和农业是国民经济的两个重要部门。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

29 ascent   

n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高

参考例句：

• His rapid ascent in the social scale was surprising.他的社会地位提高之迅速令人吃惊。
• Burke pushed the button and the elevator began its slow ascent.伯克按动电钮，电梯开始缓慢上升。

30 envoy   

n.使节，使者，代表，公使

参考例句：

• Their envoy showed no sign of responding to our proposals.他们的代表对我方的提议毫无回应的迹象。
• The government has not yet appointed an envoy to the area.政府尚未向这一地区派过外交官。

31 partnerships   

n.伙伴关系( partnership的名词复数 )；合伙人身份；合作关系

参考例句：

• Partnerships suffer another major disadvantage: decision-making is shared. 合伙企业的另一主要缺点是决定要由大家来作。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件
• It involved selling off limited partnerships. 它涉及到售出有限的合伙权。 来自辞典例句

32 pollutants   

污染物质（尤指工业废物）( pollutant的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Pollutants are constantly being released into the atmosphere. 污染物质正在不断地被排放到大气中去。
• The 1987 Amendments limit 301(g) discharges to a few well-studied nonconventional pollutants. 1987年的修正案把第301条（g）的普通排放限制施加在一些认真研究过的几种非常规污染物上。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法

33 convened   

召开( convene的过去式 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合

参考例句：

• The chairman convened the committee to put the issue to a vote. 主席召集委员们开会对这个问题进行表决。
• The governor convened his troops to put down the revolt. 总督召集他的部队去镇压叛乱。

34 momentum   

n.动力，冲力，势头；动量

参考例句：

• We exploit the energy and momentum conservation laws in this way.我们就是这样利用能量和动量守恒定律的。
• The law of momentum conservation could supplant Newton's third law.动量守恒定律可以取代牛顿第三定律。

35 coalitions   

结合体，同盟( coalition的名词复数 )； （两党或多党）联合政府

参考例句：

• History testifies to the ineptitude of coalitions in waging war. 历史昭示我们，多数国家联合作战，其进行甚为困难。
• All the coalitions in history have disintegrated sooner or later. 历史上任何联盟迟早都垮台了。

36 halve   

vt.分成两半，平分；减少到一半

参考例句：

• Let's halve the project between our two teams.让我们两个队平均分担这项工程吧。
• I'll halve expenses with you.我要跟你平均分摊费用。