善用托福排除法解托福阅读

 　　我们大体可以把排除题分为三个考察方向：1 对最基本的细节信息理解的考察。2 对事件发展程序理解的考察。3 对文章或段落主题抓取能力的考察。

　　一、对最基本的细节信息理解的考察

　　这里可以用更简单的说法：从词中选。 所谓从词中选，就是可以在文章中找到几个名词，他们排列存在，共同构成某一事件的所有细节。这时候，出题者会提取出其中三个，并在文章别处或者自编一个跟本事件并无关系的名词(词组)。

　　请看下面的例子：

　　In1943， the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war， butin some locations， including NY， controls continued. Under NY’s controls， alandlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica， California， rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s， whichcombined with California’s rapid population growth， pushed housing prices， aswell as rents， to record levels.

　　Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica， California?

　　A. Rapid population growth

　　B. Inflation

　　C. Economic conditions duringwartime

　　D. Record-high housing prices

　　在这道排除题中，由于四个选项提供的信息都是用名词词组，我们可以断定，段落中一定存在其中三个词组，而题干中又出现地名Santa Monica， California. 故可将此地名作为关键词，锁定答案所在句子，然后逐一排除。而……as Santa Monica， California， rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s， which combinedwith California’s rapid population growth， pushed housing prices， ……. 这句话当中分别提到了A， B， D三个答案，所以答案为C.

　　二、对事件发展程序理解的考察

　　这类排除题，也可以叫做------从句中选。即考题所提供的答案均为相对比较完整的句子，那么其中有三句话，一定是表达了整个事件发展比较关键的几个步骤，只有一句话与此步骤相悖。这类排除题通常比较耗费时间，考生需要准确判断其事件发展步骤，甚至要通读全段，才能找出正确选项。这里，我给大家提供一种在很大程度上节省时间的方法------点对点寻找。

　　请看下面的例子：

　　The sauce that is today called ketchup¹ (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish， shellfish， and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans， fermenting² them， placing them in salt brine for at least a week，cooking the resulting solution further， and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark， thick， and sweet variation of soy sauce.

　　It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that

　　A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th centuryB. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauceC. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spicesD. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce对于这道题，题干中没有任何指示性的词汇，我们无法判断是从事件的哪个阶段入手，那么就只能每个答案逐一排除。仔细阅读A选项，然后发现A选项中有17th century， 故可以将其作为关键线索，去文中寻找，……called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century…… 文中的这句话表明A不能作为正确答案。那么继续看B， B选项中同时提到Malaysian 与Chinese. 则可以到文中去寻找两个国籍名词同时出现的句子，通过判断，…… this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 这句话表明，B也不能作为正确答案。继续看C，C 选项当中有Chinese， 还有seafood³ andspices，于是锁定文中句子……the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish， shellfish， and spices……， 故C也不是正确选项。至此，我们可以直接选择D作为排除选项。

　　三、对文章或段落主题抓取能力的考察

　　答题时注意看每个选项，尤其是当选项中出现了在该段落中没有的词句时，就可以考虑可能会有某个选项跟本段甚至整片文章的主题是相悖的。

　　请看下面例题：

　　Decades before this disaster，environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous⁴ nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs，icebergs， and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental⁵ United States by land-based pipeline⁶ rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.

　　Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?

　　A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.

　　B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships.

　　C. That oil tanker⁷ should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.

　　D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.

　　这道题题干中提到的environmentalist是整个该段的主语，故不能作为关键信息词。而发现A. C.中的Alaska，都在段落中没有提到。所以可以考虑某个答案与主题相悖。这类题目，也可以多关注段落中是否有表示转折的词汇，例如but， instead of， however， rather than. 所以，稍加阅读后，发现……land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline…… 这句话当中出现rather than， 锁定D选项中同样的话语，刚好与原文观点相反，所以选择D.

 

1 ketchup   

n.蕃茄酱，蕃茄沙司

参考例句：

• There's a spot of ketchup on the tablecloth.桌布上有一点番茄酱的渍斑。
• Could I have some ketchup and napkins,please?请给我一些番茄酱和纸手巾？

2 fermenting   

v.（使）发酵( ferment的现在分词 )；（使）激动；骚动；骚扰

参考例句：

• The fermenting wine has bubbled up and over the top. 发酵的葡萄酒已经冒泡，溢了出来。 来自辞典例句
• It must be processed through methods like boiling, grinding or fermenting. 它必须通过煮沸、研磨、或者发酵等方法加工。 来自互联网

3 seafood   

n.海产食品，海味，海鲜

参考例句：

• There's an excellent seafood restaurant near here.离这儿不远有家非常不错的海鲜馆。
• Shrimps are a popular type of seafood.小虾是比较普遍的一种海味。

4 treacherous   

adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的

参考例句：

• The surface water made the road treacherous for drivers.路面的积水对驾车者构成危险。
• The frozen snow was treacherous to walk on.在冻雪上行走有潜在危险。

5 continental   

adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的

参考例句：

• A continental climate is different from an insular one.大陆性气候不同于岛屿气候。
• The most ancient parts of the continental crust are 4000 million years old.大陆地壳最古老的部分有40亿年历史。

6 pipeline   

n.管道，管线

参考例句：

• The pipeline supplies Jordan with 15 per cent of its crude oil.该管道供给约旦15%的原油。
• A single pipeline serves all the houses with water.一条单管路给所有的房子供水。

7 tanker   

n.油轮

参考例句：

• The tanker took on 200,000 barrels of crude oil.油轮装载了二十万桶原油。
• Heavy seas had pounded the tanker into three parts.汹涌的巨浪把油轮撞成三载。