托福阅读否定题解题思路

 　　Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2questions per set )首先我们来介绍一下否定信息题，Negative FactualInformation questions。这种题型的提问方式一般为：

　　According to the passage,which of the followingis NOT true of X?【托福阅读】

　　The author’s description of X mentions all of thefollowing EXCEPT ?

　　在解答这种题目的时候首先要注意的是避免惯性思维的影响。在前面讲过的所有题目当中，或者是平时大家的做题习惯当中，我们都是看到与原文相符或者和原文一样的选项就选，但是到了这个题目，需要选择不属于题干内容或者与原文相反的选项，这是需要注意的一点。

　　一般这种题目的定位范围都在原文的某一个或者两个自然段，所以第一步需要的就是根据题目大定位到某个自然段，然后根据选项特征对应原文进行选题。我们来看一个例题：

　　Paragraph 7: The Cognitive¹ Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior isinfluenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. Forexample, people who believe that aggression² is necessary and justified³-as during wartime-arelikely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act ofaggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behaveaggressively.

　　Paragraph 8: One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating⁴ and painful events triggerunpleasant feelings. These feelings, inturn, can lead to aggressive action, but notautomatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively ornot on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretationof other people's motives⁶. Supporting evidence comes from research showing that aggressivepeople often distort other people's motives. For example, they assume that other people meanthem harm when they do not.

　　9. According to the cognitive approach described in paragraphs 7 and 8, all of thefollowing may influence the decision whether to act aggressively EXCEPT a person'sMoral values

　　Previous experiences with aggression

　　Instinct to avoid aggression

　　Beliefs about other people's intentions【托福阅读】

　　这道题目的定位范围是两个自然段，四个选项中有三个会the decision whether to actaggressively，有一个选项不会“影响一个人决定是否要表现的具有侵略性”，我们要选择这个选项。首先，在第七自然段的第二句“Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values,by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice.”中就提到moral values，对应A 选项。其次，在第八自然段中，第四句“People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on thebasis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation⁵ of otherpeople's motives.” 中提到两个选项， 一个是“their experiences with aggression”对应B 选项，另外一个是“interpretation of other people's motives”对应D选项。只有C 选项的instinct 没有提到，这道题目选择C 选项。

 

1 cognitive   

adj.认知的，认识的，有感知的

参考例句：

• As children grow older,their cognitive processes become sharper.孩子们越长越大，他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。
• The cognitive psychologist is like the tinker who wants to know how a clock works.认知心理学者倒很像一个需要通晓钟表如何运转的钟表修理匠。

2 aggression   

n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害

参考例句：

• So long as we are firmly united, we need fear no aggression.只要我们紧密地团结，就不必惧怕外来侵略。
• Her view is that aggression is part of human nature.她认为攻击性是人类本性的一部份。

3 justified   

a.正当的，有理的

参考例句：

• She felt fully justified in asking for her money back. 她认为有充分的理由要求退款。
• The prisoner has certainly justified his claims by his actions. 那个囚犯确实已用自己的行动表明他的要求是正当的。

4 aggravating   

adj.恼人的，讨厌的

参考例句：

• How aggravating to be interrupted! 被打扰，多令人生气呀！
• Diesel exhaust is particularly aggravating to many susceptible individuals. 许多体质敏感的人尤其反感柴油废气。

5 interpretation   

n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理

参考例句：

• His statement admits of one interpretation only.他的话只有一种解释。
• Analysis and interpretation is a very personal thing.分析与说明是个很主观的事情。

6 motives   

n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• to impeach sb's motives 怀疑某人的动机
• His motives are unclear. 他的用意不明。