托福阅读背景知识之“巴黎VS雾霾”

 　　Public transport was free in Paris on Monday and half of the city's cars were forced off the road in a bid to fight pollution.

　　为了对抗污染，本周一，巴黎的公共交通免费运营，半数汽车不得上路。

　　In a radical¹ move which will be studied in other European capitals like London, French Socialists² said everything had to be done to make air cleaner.

　　法国社会党人表示要采取一切必要的手段来净化空气，这一稍显激进的举措或许会被伦敦等其他欧洲国家的首都效仿。

　　Anne Hidalgo, the mayor of Paris, said: 'I am delighted the state has agreed to put in place a partial driving ban on Monday, which I have been requesting for several days.'

　　巴黎市长，安妮·依达尔戈说道：“我很高兴国家同意在周一实施部分禁驾，这个要求我已经提了好几天了。”

　　Only vehicles with number plates ending in an odd number were allowed, with exemptions³ for taxis, electric cars and ambulances.

　　只有车牌尾数为单数的车辆可以在周一上路， 但是出租车，电动车以及救护车不受此限。

　　Authorities were planning to ban cars with odd numbers on Tuesday, but the scheme was halted following improving forecasts.

　　巴黎市政府本计划周二禁止车牌尾号为单数的车辆上路，但是这一方案因随后预报有所改善的天气状况而终止了。

　　Foreign visitors to Paris, including thousands of Britons on holiday, were also permitted to use their cars.

　　外国游客，包括成千上万来巴黎度假的英国游客，也可以不受限制使用自己的车辆。

　　But police patrols were seen booking locals who flouted⁴ the ban, forcing them to return home. Meanwhile, Metro⁵ trains and buses were full to overflowing⁶ as thousands abandoned their vehicles.

　　不过，路上可见巡警将那些无视禁令的当地人记录在案，让他们把车开回家。与此同时，地铁列车以及巴士也因人们不能开车而人满为患。

　　Air quality monitors showed concentrations of potentially dangerous particulates⁷ in the Pars⁸ air were above the recommended maximum.

　　空气质量监测显示，巴黎空气中的潜在危险颗粒浓度超过了最大建议值。

　　These are created by cars and lorries, heating and heavy industry, and can potentially cause serious health problems.

　　这些颗粒物是由汽车，卡车，供热以及重工业产生的，且可能引发严重的健康问题。

　　'Due to the improving situation today and tomorrow, the alternative traffic (plan) will not be renewed Tuesday,' announced Ecology Minister Segolene Royal, who took time to salute⁹ 'the good citizenship¹⁰ of motorists who understood the necessity of this measure.'

　　生态部长罗亚尔表示：“由于今明两天的天气状况改善，汽车单双号交替上路政策不会延续至周二，”他同时向那些理解采取该项措施的驾车者们表现出的良好公民素质表达了敬意。

　　The Airparif monitoring agency said smog density¹¹ was still near alert levels Monday, but rain forecast for Tuesday was expected to clear the air.

　　空气监测机构表示，周一雾霾浓度仍然处于警戒水平，但是预计周二的降雨能够净化空气。

　　Though public transport is free of charge to take the sting out of the restrictions¹², drivers in the capital have protested against the measure, despite it having been used only twice since 1997.

　　虽然在这项限制措施期间的公共交通是免费的，但是巴黎的驾车者仍然抗议此项措施。尽管从1997年以来，该措施仅实施过两次。

　　Similar emergency restrictions were last implemented¹³ almost exactly a year ago - on March 17 - during a particularly bad spike¹⁴ in the pollution levels.

　　最近一次类似的紧急限制措施正好是一年前3月17日的实施的，当时的污染水平处于峰值。

　　Authorities measure the concentration of particulates with a diameter of less than 10 microns - so-called PM10 - in the air to determine pollution levels.

　　检测机构会检测直径小于10微米的微粒,即PM10浓度，并由此判定污染程度。

　　The safe limit for PM10 is set at 80 micrograms per cubic metre (mcg/m3), with levels in Paris Monday expected to be somewhere between 40 and 55 mcg/m3.

　　PM10 的安全水平线为每立方米80微克，周一巴黎PM10浓度预计介于40-55微克/立方米之间。

　　The city's alert level is fixed¹⁵ at 50 mcg/m3.

　　该市的PM10警戒水平为50微克/立方米。

　　According to a 2011 World Health Organisation¹⁶ report, the planet's most polluted city was Ahvaz in Iran with an average of 372 mcg/m3.

　　根据世界卫生组织2011年的报道，全球污染最重的城市为伊朗的阿瓦士，其微粒平均含量为372微克/立方米。

　　Beijing had an average of 121 mcg/m3, while Paris was measured at 38 mcg/m3.

　　北京市的PM10平均含量为121微克/立方米，而巴黎则是38微克/立方米。

　　Vocabulary

　　flout：蔑视，轻视

　　alternative：备选的，替代的

　　spike：剧增

1 radical   

n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的

参考例句：

• The patient got a radical cure in the hospital.病人在医院得到了根治。
• She is radical in her demands.她的要求十分偏激。

2 socialists   

社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The socialists saw themselves as true heirs of the Enlightenment. 社会主义者认为自己是启蒙运动的真正继承者。
• The Socialists junked dogma when they came to office in 1982. 社会党人1982年上台执政后，就把其政治信条弃之不顾。

3 exemptions   

n.（义务等的）免除( exemption的名词复数 )；免（税）；（收入中的）免税额

参考例句：

• The exemptions for interpretive rules, policy statements, and procedural rules have just been discussed. 有关解释性规则、政策说明和程序规则的免责我们刚刚讨论过。 来自英汉非文学 - 行政法
• A: The regulation outlines specific exemptions for some WPM. 答：该规定概述了某些木质包装材料的特定的例外情形。 来自互联网

4 flouted   

v.藐视，轻视( flout的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• North Vietnam flouted the accords from the day they were signed. 北越从签字那天起就无视协定的存在。 来自辞典例句
• They flouted all our offers of help and friendship. 他们对我们愿意提供的所有帮助和友谊表示藐视。 来自辞典例句

5 metro   

n.地铁；adj.大都市的；(METRO)麦德隆(财富500强公司之一总部所在地德国，主要经营零售)

参考例句：

• Can you reach the park by metro?你可以乘地铁到达那个公园吗？
• The metro flood gate system is a disaster prevention equipment.地铁防淹门系统是一种防灾设备。

6 overflowing   

n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式

参考例句：

• The stands were overflowing with farm and sideline products. 集市上农副产品非常丰富。
• The milk is overflowing. 牛奶溢出来了。

7 particulates   

n.微粒，粒子( particulate的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Techniques for controlling particulates include filtering, washing, centrifugal separation, and electrostatic precipitation. 控制颗粒污染物的技术包括过滤、洗涤、离心分离、静电沉降。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
• Only micronic particulates penetrate to the depth of the lung. 只有微细粒子穿透到肺深部。 来自辞典例句

8 pars   

n.部，部分；平均( par的名词复数 )；平价；同等；（高尔夫球中的）标准杆数

参考例句：

• In humans, the pars intermedia is a rudimentary region. 人的脑垂体中间部是不发达的。 来自辞典例句
• James Gregory gave in in his "Geometriae Pars Universalis" a method of rectifying curves. James Gregory在他的《几何的通用部分》中给出了计算曲线长度的方法。 来自辞典例句

9 salute   

vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮

参考例句：

• Merchant ships salute each other by dipping the flag.商船互相点旗致敬。
• The Japanese women salute the people with formal bows in welcome.这些日本妇女以正式的鞠躬向人们施礼以示欢迎。

10 citizenship   

n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份)

参考例句：

• He was born in Sweden,but he doesn't have Swedish citizenship.他在瑞典出生，但没有瑞典公民身分。
• Ten years later,she chose to take Australian citizenship.十年后，她选择了澳大利亚国籍。

11 density   

n.密集，密度，浓度

参考例句：

• The population density of that country is 685 per square mile.那个国家的人口密度为每平方英里685人。
• The region has a very high population density.该地区的人口密度很高。

12 restrictions   

约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则）

参考例句：

• I found the restrictions irksome. 我对那些限制感到很烦。
• a snaggle of restrictions 杂乱无章的种种限制

13 implemented   

v.实现( implement的过去式和过去分词 )；执行；贯彻；使生效

参考例句：

• This agreement, if not implemented, is a mere scrap of paper. 这个协定如不执行只不过是一纸空文。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• The economy is in danger of collapse unless far-reaching reforms are implemented. 如果不实施影响深远的改革，经济就面临崩溃的危险。 来自辞典例句

14 spike   

n.长钉，钉鞋；v.以大钉钉牢，使...失效

参考例句：

• The spike pierced the receipts and held them in order.那个钉子穿过那些收据并使之按顺序排列。
• They'll do anything to spike the guns of the opposition.他们会使出各种手段来挫败对手。

15 fixed   

adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的

参考例句：

• Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗？
• Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定，我们就不应该随意改变。

16 organisation   

n.组织，安排，团体，有机休

参考例句：

• The method of his organisation work is worth commending.他的组织工作的方法值得称道。
• His application for membership of the organisation was rejected.他想要加入该组织的申请遭到了拒绝。